专四语法讲解(虚拟语气)

虚拟语气(subjunctivemood)语气及其种类语气是动词的一种变化形式，表达说话人对所述内容的看法与态度。语气有三种：（1）陈述语气(indicativemood)陈述语气用来表示一般叙述，可表示肯定、否定和疑问。eg.Matterexpandswhenitisheated.Whatdoyouwant?（2）祈使语气(imperativemood)祈使语气用来表示请求、命令和劝告等。eg.Don’tbelate.Bequiet!Let’shaveabreak.（3）虚拟语气(subjunctivemood)虚拟语气是一组特别的动词形式，用来表示要求、建议、命令、意愿和假设等。eg.Iftherewerenoair,alllivingthingswoulddie.Itisvitalthatshebewarnedbeforeitistoolate.1.虚拟条件句1.形式虚拟条件句包括与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句和与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，以及将来实现可能性很小或根本不可能实现的虚拟条件句。主句(principalclause)从句(subordinateclause)与现在事实相反Contrarytowhatisnowwould/情态动词(ModelVerbs)过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo/weretodoeg.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotgothere.IfIhadtime,Iwoulddoitagain.IfIhadknownofyourarrival,Ishouldhavemetyouatthestation.Ifshehadfurtherconsideredtheproblem,shemighthavecometothecorrectconclusion.真题举例：1.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_____quitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’tbe[C]2.Ifyourcar_____duringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed[B]3.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_____mucheasiertolearn.A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen[B]4._____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot[A]5.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he_____abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were[A]6.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif_____.A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.nobodycalledmeaway[C](2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)真题举例：1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_____muchbetterresultsnow.A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget[D]2._____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised[A]真题举例：1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_____toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave[C]2._____you____furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,had[C]2.含蓄虚拟条件句有时句中并未出现条件句，其假设情况是由上下文含蓄地提供的，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。eg.Amorecarefulstudentwouldn’thavemadesuchglaringmistakes.Withhisaidyouwouldhavesucceededinit.Butfortherain,weshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.Shemusthavebeenill,otherwiseshewouldhavecometoschool.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.3.虚拟条件句的倒装如果条件状语从句中含有were,had,did,could,should等助动词，可以采用颠倒到主、谓词序的手段来表示假设条件从句，连接词if不再出现。eg.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.Hadthemanagementactedsoon,thestrikewouldn’thavehappened.2.名词性从句的虚拟形式从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：advise,ask,beg,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge,vote...eg.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.Shedemandedthatweattackatonce.Thejobwouldrequirethathebeatthefactoryat7o’clockeverymorning.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,best,better,crucial,desirable,essential,imperative,important,insistent,natural,necessary,preferable,strange,urgent,vital...advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised...Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.Itisbestthatworkershaveapleasantplacetorelax.Itisdesirablethatthemeetingbeheldassoonaspossible.真题举例：1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam____hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues[C]2.Itisimperativethatthegovernment_____moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hastoattract[C]3.Itisimperativethatstudents_____theirtermpapersontime.A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin[A]4.Itisnecessarythathe_____theassignmentwithoutdelay.A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin[A]5.Iamsurprised____thiscityisadullplacetolivein.A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinking[A]辨析：Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential____forthat.A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared【详解】在Itisessential/important