第三章供应链管理的驱动要素和测度

Jumptofirstpage.第三章供应链管理的驱动要素和测度Jumptofirstpage第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍第一节.供应链性能的决定因素第二节.存货（Inventory）第三节.运输(Transportation)第四节.设施（facilities）第五节.信息（Information）第六节.资源（Sourcing）第七节.价格（Pricing）Jumptofirstpage第一节.供应链性能的决定因素一.为什么要研究供应链的要素从目标看：实现企业的竞争战略从因果关系看:通过控制几大要素来控制供应链的响应能力与效率JumptofirstpageDriversofSupplyChainPerformanceFacilitiesplaceswhereinventoryisstored,assembled,orfabricated(制造)productionsitesandstoragesitesInventoryrawmaterials,WIP,finishedgoodswithinasupplychaininventorypoliciesTransportationmovinginventoryfrompointtopointinasupplychaincombinationsoftransportationmodesandroutesJumptofirstpageDriversofSupplyChainPerformanceInformationdataandanalysisregardinginventory,transportation,facilitiesthroughoutthesupplychainpotentiallythebiggestdriverofsupplychainperformanceSourcingfunctionsafirmperformsandfunctionsthatareoutsourcedPricingPriceassociatedwithgoodsandservicesprovidedbyafirmtothesupplychainJumptofirstpageCompetitiveStrategySupplyChainStrategyEfficiencyResponsivenessFacilitiesInventoryTransportationInformationSupplychainstructureCrossFunctionalDriversSourcingPricingLogisticalDriversJumptofirstpage二.供应链决策框架控制单独一个要素难以兼顾效率和响应能力，同时控制六大要素，用一个要素的优势来弥补其他要素的弱势，最后总体上使供应链效率和响应能力都提高。就象踢足球，如果你各方面都强，你可以是C罗，如果你某方面不强，但靠其他几方面来弥补，你仍然可以是梅西。我们在供应链管理中研究的所有决策问题其实就是针对这几个要素的决策问题。是供应链管理研究的具体化。Jumptofirstpage第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍第一节.供应链绩效的要素第二节.存货（Inventory）第三节.运输(Transportation)第四节.设施（facilities）第五节.信息（Information）第六节.资源（Sourcing）第七节.价格（Pricing）Jumptofirstpage第二节.存货（Inventory）一.定义Inventoryisallrawmaterials,workinprocess,andfinishedgoodswithinasupplychain.是指供应链中流动的物品，不是指仓储设施，不要混淆概念。Jumptofirstpage二.存货决策的框架竞争战略供应链战略存货运输设施信息效率反应能力周转存货安全存货季节性存货能否满足客户需求成本和响应速度JumptofirstpageInventoryexistsbecauseofamismatchbetweensupplyanddemandMismatchisintentional（故意的）ataretailerstorewhereinventoryisheldinanticipationoffuturedemandTherolethatinventoryplayinthesupplychainisToincreasetheamountofdemandthatcanbesatisfiedbyhavingtheproductreadyandavailablewhencustomerwantsit.Toreducecostbyexploitingeconomiesofscalethatmayexistduringproductionanddistribution.Majorsourceofcostandinfluenceonresponsiveness(例如：服装供应链)Inventory:RoleintheSupplyChainJumptofirstpageInventory:RoleinCompetitiveStrategyIfresponsivenessisastrategiccompetitivepriority,afirmcanlocatelargeramountsofinventoryclosertocustomersIfcostismoreimportant,inventorycanbereducedtomakethefirmmoreefficientTrade-offImplicitintheinventorydriverisbetweentheresponsivenessthatresultsfrommoreinventoryandtheefficiencythatresultsfromlessinventory.Example–NordstromJumptofirstpageJumptofirstpageComponentsofInventoryDecisionsCycleinventoryAverageamountofinventoryusedtosatisfydemandbetweenshipmentsDependsonlotsizeSafetyinventoryinventoryheldincasedemandexceedsexpectationscostsofcarryingtoomuchinventoryversuscostoflosingsalesSeasonalinventoryinventorybuiltuptocounterpredictablevariabilityindemandcostofcarryingadditionalinventoryversuscostofflexibleproductionOveralltrade-off:Responsivenessversusefficiencymoreinventory:greaterresponsivenessbutgreatercostlessinventory:lowercostbutlowerresponsivenessJumptofirstpageInventory-relatedmetricsCash-to-cashcycletime（应收账款，应付账款）AverageinventoryInventoryturns（周转次数）Productswithmorethanaspecifiednumberofdaysofinventory（滞销）AveragereplenishmentbatchsizeAveragesafetyinventorySeasonalinventoryFillrateFractionoftimeoutofstockObsoleteinventory（沉没成本）ComponentsofInventoryDecisionsJumptofirstpageLittle’slaw——衡量存货流动速度的公式(1)物流时间T(Materialflowtime)从物料进入供应链时起，其存在于供应链内部的全部时间。(2)传送率R(Throughput)单位时间内的产品销量。I=RT存货量的大小等于物流时间和传送率的乘积。Jumptofirstpage第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍第一节.供应链绩效的要素第二节.存货（Inventory）第三节.运输(Transportation)第四节.设施（facilities）第五节.信息（Information）第六节.资源（Sourcing）第七节.价格（Pricing）Jumptofirstpage第三节.运输(Transportation)一.定义把供应链中的存货从一点移动到另外一点的活动。Jumptofirstpage二.运输决策的框架竞争战略供应链战略运输存货设施信息效率反应能力运输模式路径网络自主/外包能否满足客户需求成本和响应速度JumptofirstpageTransportation:RoleintheSupplyChainMovestheproductbetweenstagesinthesupplychainImpactonresponsivenessandefficiencyFastertransportationallowsgreaterresponsivenessbutlowerefficiencyAlsoaffectsinventoryandfacilitylocations.JumptofirstpageTransportation:RoleintheCompetitiveStrategyIfresponsivenessisastrategiccompetitivepriority,thenfastertransportationmodescanprovidegreaterresponsivenesstocustomerswhoarewillingtopayforitCanalsouseslowertransportationmodesforcustomerswhosepriorityisprice(cost)CanalsoconsiderbothinventoryandtransportationtofindtherightbalanceExample:BlueNile（钻石商，中心存储，和FEDEX战略联盟）JumptofirstpageComponentsofTransportationDecisionsDesignoftransportationnetworknetwork:collectionoftransportationmode,locationsandroutesModeoftransportation:air,truck,rail,ship,pipeline,electronictransportationvaryincost,speed,sizeofshipment,flexibilityRouteselectionroute:pathalongwhichaproductisshippedOveralltrade-off:ResponsivenessversusefficiencyJumptofirstpageComponentsofTransportationDecisionsTransportation-relatedmetricsAverageinboundtransportationcostAverageincomeshipmentsizeAverageinboundtra