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Unit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasCNPC(中国石油天然气总公司)SINOPEC(中国石油化工集团公司)CNOOC(中国海洋石油总公司)SINOCHEM(中国中化集团公司)Exxon(埃克森石油公司)Shell(英荷壳牌石油公司)Texaco(德士古公司)Mobile(莫比尔,或称飞马石油公司)Gulf(海湾石油公司)BritishPetroleum(英国石油公司)Elf(埃尔夫公司)ENIGroup(埃尼集团)Total(法国道达尔石油公司)Chevron(雪佛龙石油公司,即加里福尼亚美孚石油公司)IntroductionMajoroilcompaniesintheworldAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)美国石油协会SPE(SocietyofPetroleumEngineers)国际石油工程师协会AAPG(AmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologists)美国石油地质学家协会OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)石油输出国组织MajoroilorganizationIntroductionPetroleumindustryUpstreamsector(上游)Midstreamsector(中游)Downstreamsector(下游)IntroductionThreemaincomponentsoftheindustryUpstreamsector:morethan1000explorationandproductioncompanies(勘探与生产公司)aswellashundredsofassociatedbusinesssuchasseismic(地震)anddrillingcontractors(钻井承包商),servicerig(修井机)operators,engineeringfirmsandvariousscientific,technical,serviceandsupplycompanies.Midstreamsector:oilandgaspipelinesystemsthatconnectproducingandconsumingareas.Otherfacilitiesextractsulphur(硫)andnaturalgasliquids(液化天然气),storeoilandgasproductsandtransportproductsbytruck,railortanker.Downstreamsector:refineries,gasdistributionutilities,oilproductwholesalers(批发商),servicestationsandpetrochemicalcompanies.ThreemaincomponentsoftheindustryIntroductionIntroductionPetrology岩石学“Petro-”means“岩石,石油”Petrochemical石油化工的Petrophysics油层物理学Petrography岩相学Petroliferous含油的ExplorationProductionTransportationRefiningSalesIntroductionUnit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasFindingoilandnaturalgas(1)Exploration-ThesearchforpetroleumAtrap(圈闭)requiresthreeelements:Aporousreservoirrocktoaccumulatetheoilandgas–typicallysandstones(砂岩),limestones(灰岩)anddolomites(白云石);Anoverlyingimperablerocktopreventtheoilandgasfromescaping;Asourcefortheoilandgas–typicallyblackwaxyshales(含蜡页岩).geologistn地质学家geophysicistn地球物理学家geochemistn地球化学家paleontologistsn古生物学家A井B井井漏2008LNT23线叠前偏移剖面(1)Exploration-Seismicsurveys(地震勘探)FindingoilandnaturalgasInaseismicsurvey,thegeophysical(地球物理的)contractor’screwlaysoutalineorseverallinesofsensitivereceivers(检波器),calledgeophonesorjugs(地震检波器),ontheground.Thenexplosions(爆炸)ormechanicalvibrations(机械振动)arecreatedonthesurface.Thegeophonesrecordtheenergyreflectedbackasseismicwavesfromrocklayersatvariousdepths.oilzoneFindingoilandnaturalgas(2)DrillingDrillingprocess:Arevolving(旋转)steelbit(钻头)atthebottomofastringofpipegrinds(磨)aholethroughtherocklayers.Rig(钻机):Therearemanydifferenttypesofrigs.Thesmallestareservicerigs(修井钻机)mountedontrucks,whilethelargestareinstalledonshipsoroffshoreplatforms.:sourgas(含硫天然气)exploration,slantedholesorhorizontaldrilling(水平钻井).Generalrule:thebiggertherig,thedeeperitcandrill.(2)DrillingFindingoilandnaturalgasBitDrillrigDevelopmentwell(开发井)Productionwell(生产井)Explorationwell(探井)Horizontalwell(水平井)Directionalwell(定向井)Verticalwell(直井)(2)DrillingFindingoilandnaturalgasAbout75workersaredirectlyemployedinthedrillingofonewell,althoughonlyfourtosevenmaybeondutyattherigatanygiventime.Theactualnumbercanvaryconsiderably,dependingonthetypeofwellbeingdrilled.Unit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgas(1)Production-RecoveringResourcesAfterdrillinghaslocatedareservoirofoilornaturalgas,theoperatingcompany’sproductiondepartmenttakesoverthetaskofbringingtheresourcetothesurface.Petroleumisnotproducedfromundergroundlakes.Rather,oilandgasarecontainedintheporesandfracturesofcertainsedimentaryrocks(沉积岩)inthesamewaythatwaterisheldinasponge.Inmatureproducingareas,recoveringmoreoilandgasfromoldwellsisanimportantjob.Producingoilandnaturalgas(1)Production-RecoveringResources(2)OilRecoveryMethodsPrimaryrecovery(一次采油)Infilldrilling(加密钻井):drillingmorewellsintothesamepoolsotheoildoesnothavetotravelasfarthroughtherocktoreachawellbore.Directionalwellsareoftenusedforinfilldrilling.Secondaryrecovery(二次采油)Furtheroilproductioncanbeobtainedbyinjectingwaterornaturalgastomaintainreservoirpressureandpushoiloutoftherock.tertiaryrecovery(三次采油)Lightandmediumcrudeoil:miscibleflooding(混相驱).Inthisprocedure,naturalgasliquids(ethane乙烷,propane丙烷andbutane丁烷)areinjectedintospecialinjectionwells.Whendissolved,theseliquidsreducesurfacetension表面张力andviscosity粘度tohelpreleasetheoilfromthereservoirrock.Carbondioxide(CO2)hasalsobeenusedformisciblefloods.Producingoilandnaturalgas)7.3(()6.3()5.3()()4.3()3.3(133321443122221244111121413142212133811ADmDACDaADmDACDaDDmDADmDACDaDDmDmDADACDaADACDaDDmDADmDDaADjmDjDajjjDADDDDADDADjmDDamDjDajDADDDDADDCCNNCCNNtCCCNNtCCCNNCNNtCCCNCCNrCrutCCCNCNrCrutC“bi-”means“二,双”bilateral双边的,双向的biennial两年一次的binary二进制的bisect平分bivalent二价的bidirectional双向的bibasic二元的
本文标题:中国石油大学研究生英语第二章.
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