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长春工业大学硕士学位论文I摘要采集是认知的开始、测量的前提、分析的基础,绝大多数的电子设备、仪器都是数据采集为基础。随着电子技术和数字技术的飞速发展,信号的传输速度和CPU的处理速度越来越快,因此对数据采集和处理的要求也越来越高。由于芯片技术的限制我国很难在高端的数据采集系统中有所作为,一般国内的数据采集卡都处于中低端产品,多用于中低频信号的采集中,很少有符合我们设计要求的高速采集系统。课题中的高速数据采集卡是研究高性能分析仪器的一部分,它与一般的数据采集卡存在区别,主要区别在于我们的系统对数据输出的要求不强,系统可以自成系统,有一定的数据处理和分析能力。本设计采用AD转换器+FPGA芯片+ARM处理器的结构,实现了采样率为250M的数据采集卡。论文从宏观和微观两个方面来分析数据采集卡的各个组成部分。从宏观上分析了采集系统中各个芯片间的数据流向、速度匹配和具体通信方式的选择等问题。使用乒乓机制降低了数据处理的速度,来降低FPGA中的预处理难度,使FPGA处理时序余量更加充裕。在ARM与FPGA通信方式上使用DMA传输,大大提高了数据传输的速率,并解放了后端的ARM处理器。设计从宏观上优化数据传输的效率,充分发挥器件的性能,并提出了一些改进系统性能的方案。从微观实现上,数据是从前端数据调理电路进入AD转换器,再由FPGA采集AD转换器输出的数据,后经过数据的触发、成帧等预处理,预处理后的数据再传输给后端的ARM处理器,最后由ARM处理器送给LCD显示。微观实现的过程中遇到了很多问题,主要是在AD数据的采集和采集数据的传输上。在后期的系统调试中遇到了采集数据错位、ARM与FPGA通信效率低下,还有FPGA中预处理时序紧张等问题,通过硬件软件部分的修改,问题都得到一定程度的解决。在整个数据采集卡的设计过程中还遇到高速PCB设计、硬件设计可靠性、设计冗余性和可扩展性等问题,这些都是硬件设计中的需要考虑和重视的问题,在论文的最后一章有详细论述。关键词:高速数据采集触发高速PCB设计长春工业大学硕士学位论文IIAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractDateacquisitionisthepremiseofmeasure,thefoundationofanalysisandthebeginningofcognition.Mostprecisedeviceisbasedonthedateacquisition.Withthedevelopmentoftheelectronicanddigitaltechnology,thespeedofdatetransmissionandthecalculationofCPUarefasterandfaster;thereforetherequirementsofdataacquisitionandprocessingaremoreseverethanbefore.Itishardforustomakeabrilliantsuccessintheareaofhigh-enddataacquisitionduetotherestraintofthetechnologyofchip.Atpresentthedataacquisitioncardinourcountryarealmostlow-endproductswhicharealwaysusedtodealwithmedianfrequencieslowfrequencies.Andthesystemsofacquisitionseldomarelinewiththedemandingofourdesign.Inthispaper,high-speeddataacquisitioncardisapartofhighperformanceanalyticalinstruments.Thedifferencesbetweenthiskindofcardsandtheothersarethattheyarenotrigidtotheoutputofsystemandhavetheabilityofdataanalyzingandprocessing.Wesuccessfullydesignasystemof250MsamplingfrequenciesbasedonthestructureofA/D,FPGAandARM.ThispaperanalyzesthesystemfromMacro-andmicrorespect.Fromthemacropointofviewitanalyzesdataflowing,speedmatchingandtheselectionofspecificmeansofcommunicationofacquisitionsystemandsoon.Weadaptping-pongmechanismtoreducethespeedofanalyzingdataandpre-difficultofFPGAwhichleadtotheeaseofprocessingTimingMarginofFPGA.DMAtransferisusedascommunicationbetweenARMandFPGAwhichimprovedatatransmissionrates,andliberatetheback-endARMprocessor.Fromthemicropointofview,dataenterintotheA/Dconverterfromthefront-endconditioningcircuitry,FPGAcollectingdataontheoutputofA/Dconverterandgothroughthepre-operationoftriggeringandframingofdata.Aftertheseoperations,dataaretransmittedtotheback-endoftheARMprocessorandthendisplayontheLCD.AlotofdifficultexitedinthesuccessfuloperationinthemicrorespectwhichismainlyaboutA/Ddatacollectionandtheoftransmissiondata.Inthelatterpartofthesystemweencounterthedislocationdatacollection,theinefficiencyofARMandFPGAcommunicationandthetensionoftiminginthepre-operationofFPGA.Alloftheseissueshavebeensettledbytherevisingofhardwareandsoftware.Therearealsosomeproblemsencounteredinthedesignprocessofdataacquisitioncard,长春工业大学硕士学位论文IIIsuchasthedesignofHigh-speedPCB,thereliabilityofhardwaredesignreliability,redundancyandscalabilityofthesystem.Allthesolutionsoftheseproblemsareillustratedinthelastpartofthispaper.KKKKeywordeywordeywordeyword:High-speedDataAcquisitionTriggeringHigh-speedPCB长春工业大学硕士学位论文IV目录摘要...............................................................................................................................IAbstract.......................................................................................................................II第一章绪论.................................................................................................................11.1高速数据采集现状.........................................................................................11.2数据采集卡在测试仪器中的应用.................................................................11.3数据采集卡主要的性能指标.........................................................................21.4本文主要研究工作和难点..............................................................................2第二章系统设计方案和主要器件选型.....................................................................42.1系统设计方案.................................................................................................42.2ADC芯片选型..................................................................................................42.3DA芯片选型....................................................................................................52.4FPGA芯片选型................................................................................................62.5主控CPU选型.................................................................................................9第三章数据采集与触发电路设计.............................................................................113.1前端采集电路设计.......................................................................................113.2触发电路与触发控制...................................................................................133.3采集中的问题和解决方法..........................................................................
本文标题:基于ARM和FPGA的高速数据采集卡的设计与实现
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