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DiogenesandAlexander戴奥吉尼斯和亚历山大TheDogHasHisDayGilbertHighetThisarticlebythelateclassicistGilbertHighetdescribesameetingbetweentwosharplycontrastingpersonalitiesofhistory:AlexandertheGreatandDiogenes.ThisselectionoriginallyappearedinHorizon,thefirstinaseriesentitledGreatConfrontations.此文是由晚期著名的古典学者GilbertHighet所写,描述了历史上两位性格极端伟大人物的会面场面:亚历山大国王和戴奥吉尼斯。本文选择来自Horizon,一篇名叫“伟大的会面”的开始部分。Lyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic(神经病,疯子).Hewasone,butnottheother.Hehadopenedhiseyeswiththesunatdawn(拂晓),scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,washedatthepublicfountain,beggedapieceofbreakfastbreadandafewolives,eatenthemsquattingontheground,andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.(Longagohehadownedaroughwoodencup,buthethrewitawaywhenhesawaboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.)Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovidefor,hewasfree.他躺在光溜溜的地上,赤着脚,胡子拉茬的,半裸着身子,模样活像个乞丐或疯子。他是乞丐,而不是疯子。大清早,他随着初升的太阳睁开双眼,搔了搔痒,便像狗一样在路边忙开了他的公事”。他在公共喷泉边抹了把脸,向路人讨了一块面包和几颗橄榄,然后蹲在地上大嚼起来,又掬起几捧泉水送入肚中。他不需要去工作,也不需要养家,是一个逍遥自在的人。Asthemarketplacefilledupwithshoppersandmerchantsandgossipersandsharpers(acheater,esp.acardsharper)andslavesandforeigners,hehadstrolledthroughitforanhourortwo.Everybodyknewhim,orknewofhim.Theywouldthrowsharpquestionsathimandgetsharperanswers.Sometimestheythrewjeers,andgotjibes;sometimesbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse(漫骂).Theywerenotquitesurewhetherhewasmadornot.Heknewtheyweremad,allmad,eachinadifferentway;theyamusedhim.街市上熙熙攘攘,到处是顾客、商人、奴隶、异邦人,这时他也会在其中转悠一二个钟头。人人都认识他,或者都听说过他。他们会问他一些尖刻的问题,而他也更尖刻地回答。有时他们丢给他一些食物,得到很少的感谢;有时他们恶作剧地扔给他卵石子,他破口大骂,毫不客气地回敬一阵石头雨。他们拿不准他是不是疯了。他却认定他们疯了,只是他们的疯各有各的不同;他们令他感到好笑。Nowhewasbackathishome.Itwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter'shut.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.Whatgoodisahouse?Nooneneedsprivacy:naturalactsarenotshameful;wealldothesamething,andneednothidethem.此刻他正走回家去。他没有房子,甚至连一个茅庐都没有。他认为人们为生活煞费苦心,过于精致奢华。房子有什么用处?人不需要隐私;自然的行为并不可耻;我们做着同样的事情,没什么必要把它们隐藏起来。Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground.Allwerequire,sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly,isonegarmenttokeepuswarm,andsomeshelterfromrainandwind.Sohehadoneblanket—todresshiminthedaytimeandcoverhimatnight—andhesleptinacask.HisnamewasDiogenes.人实在不需要床榻和椅子等诸如此类的家具,动物睡在地上也活得很健康。既然大自然没有给我们穿上适当的东西。那我们惟一需要的是一件御寒的衣服,某种躲避风雨的遮蔽。所以他拥有一张毯子——白天披在身,晚上盖在身上——他睡在一个桶里,他的名字叫狄奥真尼斯。HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(thewordmeansdoggishness);hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem.人们称他为“狗”,把他的哲学叫做“犬儒哲学”。他一生大部分时光都在希腊的克林斯城邦度过,那是一个富裕、懒散、腐败的城市,他挖苦嘲讽那里的人们,偶尔也会让他们当中的某个人转而追随他。Hishomewasnotabarrelmadeofwood:tooexpensive.Itwasastoragejarmadeofearthenware,somethinglikeamodernfueltank—nodoubtdiscardedbecauseabreakhadmadeituseless.Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing:therefugeesdrivenintoAthensbytheSpartaninvasionhadbeenforcedtosleepincasks.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.他的住所不是木材做成的,那太贵了。他的桶是泥土做的贮物桶,有点像现在的油桶。这是一个破桶,显然是人们弃之不用的。住这样的地方他并不是第一个,那些因为斯巴达侵略而逃到雅典的人就被迫谁在桶里。但他确实是第一个自愿这么做的人,这出乎众人的想法。Diogeneswasnotadegenerateoramaniac(疯子).Hewasaphilosopherwhowroteplaysandpoemsandessaysexpounding(解释)hisdoctrine;hetalkedtothosewhocaredtolisten;hehadpupilswhoadmiredhim.Buthetaughtchieflybyexample.Allshouldlivenaturally,hesaid,forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful.Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandsuperfluitiesandextravagances:onlysocanyouliveafreelife.狄奥根尼不是疯子,他是一个哲学家,通过戏剧、诗歌和散文的创作来阐述他的学说;他向那些愿意倾听的人传道;他拥有一批崇拜他的门徒。他言传身教地进行简单明了的教学。他说,所有的人都应当自然地生活,所谓自然的就是正常的而不可能是罪恶的或可耻的。抛开那些造作虚伪的习俗;摆脱那些繁文缛节和奢侈享受:只有这样,你才能过自由的生活。Therichmanbelieveshepossesseshisbighousewithitsmanyroomsanditselaboratefurniture,hispicturesandexpensiveclothes,hishorsesandhisservantsandhisbankaccounts.Hedoesnot.Heistheirslave.Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.富有的人认为他占有着宽敞的房子、精致的家具,名画和华贵的衣服,还有马匹、仆人和银行存款。其实并非如此,他是它们的奴隶。为了攫取这些虚假浮华的东西,他出卖了自己的独立性,这惟一直实长久的东西。Therehavebeenmanymenwhogrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplications,andwentawaytolivesimply—onasmallfarm,inaquietvillage,inahermit'scave,orinthedarknessofanonymity.NotsoDiogenes.Hewasnotarecluse(归隐者)orastylite(修行者),orabeatnik有好些人厌倦了人世的纷繁复杂,跑到一个小农场,一个安静的村庄,一个隐士的洞穴里,在隐姓埋名的默默无闻中,过着简单的生活。狄奥根尼不这样做。他不是一个归隐者或修行者,也不是一个反传统的人。Hewasamissionary.Hislife'saimwascleartohim:itwastorestampthecurrency.(Heandhisfatherhadoncebeenconvictedforcounterfeiting,longbeforeheturnedtophilosophy,andthisphrasewasDiogenes'bold,unembarrassedjokeonthesubject.)Torestampthecurrency:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.他是一个传教士。他明确自己的生活目标,那就是“重铸货币”②:(他和他的父亲从前曾一度因制造伪币而被判有罪,那是远在他钻研哲学之前;狄奥真尼斯用这个用语来开这件事的玩笑,它大胆却又不令人尴尬。)重新铸造货币:就是将人生这块洁净的金属拿来,抹掉上面那些陈旧虚假的传统花纹,再给它印上真实的价值。TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturybeforeChristtaughtmainlytheirownprivatepupils.Intheshadygrovesandcoolsanctuariesof
本文标题:_戴奥真尼斯和亚历山大
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