向着生物技术方向发展

34Pulp&PaperTechnology•纸业技术向着生物技术方向发展一个综合性森林生物精炼厂的设想将成为正确答案TowardsabiofutureTheconceptofanintegratedforestbiorefinerycouldbetheanswer能量供给的稳定性、可承受性和环境方面的影响已经成为对整个世界经济产生重大影响的危急问题。人们最初反应大多是在利用农作物生产酒精方面进行投资，但是大多数人一直认为不可能有足够的农作物去满足可更新能量的需要—也需要对纤维素生物质燃料进行转换。美国已经制定了一个目标，那就是到2015年从木质纤维素原料中每年生产出十亿加仑的运输级生物燃料。纤维质给料主要来源于制浆造纸厂—世界上最大的非食品生物质收集系统。最近，美国纸张和森林产品工业许诺要加快生物质燃料的发展，其长期目标是建立一个综合性森林产品生物质精炼厂的网络。森林产品生物质精炼厂代表了一个新兴的机遇，这一机遇将对美国能量供给和森林产品本身产生显著的影响。未来的工厂将是综合性的森林生物精炼厂，引入地域性生物质以代替购置能量。这里可把工厂的任务从仅仅生产低利润纸张产品扩展到能创造出新收入的途径，这种新的收入途径是通过生产绿色Thereliability,affordabilityandenvironmentalimpactofenergysupplyhasbecomethemostcriticalissuefortheworldeconomy.Whilemostoftheinitialresponsehasbeeninvestmentinproducingethanolfromcorn,thereiscommonconsensusthatthereissimplynotenoughcorntomeetrenewableenergyneeds-cellulosebiomassfuelswillneedtobeconvertedtoo.TheUShassetanobjectiveofgeneratingonebilliongallonsperyearoftransportation-gradebiofuelsfromlignocellulosicsourcesby2015.Aprimarysourceofcellulosicfeedstocksisthepulpandpaperindustry–theworld’slargestnon-foodbiomasscollectionsystem.Recently,theUSpaperandforestproductsindustrymadeacommitmenttoincreasethedevelopmentofbiomassfuels,withthelong-termgoalofdevelopinganetworkofintegrated“forestproductsbio-refineries”.Forestproductsbio-refineriesrepresentanemergingopportunitythatwillhaveadramaticimpactonfutureUSenergysuppliesandontheforestproductsindustryitself.FuturemillscouldbeIntegratedForestBio-refineries,importingregionalbiomassinsteadofpurchasedenergy.Theycouldexpandtheindustry’smissionfromsimplymanufacturinglowmarginpaperproductstocreatingnew⦄೼ⱘᎹॖᥦᬒⱘ∵ᶧ⠽㒌⌚㒌ᓴ⸿䝌Ⲥ⊩⌚ॖॳ᳼㑸㓈࣪ᄺક㛑䞣᳾ᴹⱘᎹॖ᳝ᬜ䰡Ԣњ∵ᶧ⠽ᥦᬒ㒌⌚㒌ᓴ⫳⠽᷈⊍Э䝛㓓㡆⬉⑤➗᭭㒭᭭࣪ᄺકỂᵫ⫳⠽㊒⚐ॖॳ᳼㑸㓈࣪ᄺકऎඳᗻ⫳⠽䋼现在的制浆造纸厂利用树木、纤维、化学品和能量来生产纸浆和纸张产品。未来的制浆造纸厂将与森林生物精炼厂相结合，利用地域性生物质来代替能量购买Currentpulpandpapermillsuselogsandfibre,chemicalsandenergytoproducecommoditypulpandpaperproducts.Futuremills,IntegratedForestBiorefineries,willimportregionalbiomassinsteadofpurchasedenergy35Pulp&PaperTechnology•纸业技术环境技术Environmentaltechnology动力和创造高附加值产品（生物燃料、生物化学品）得到的，并且将提高工厂的核心纸张生产效率和收益。TRI是一个为发展森林产品生物质精炼厂提供所必需的最基本生物质的气化技术公司。该公司的气化系统具有很高的性能，并能和制浆造纸设备集成在一起。工业分析师相信该热化学方法（气化）是唯一可普遍应用的技术，不仅可以大规模处理所有给料，达到高的转化效率，并且在全世界能迅速复制。TRI气化技术通过配置生物质气化器，制浆造纸厂将不仅能够气化废液，而且能对在线生物质和其它应用到工厂的生物质（如森林和农业残余物）进行气化。气化系统可以产生合成气来取代矿物燃料，能生产生物燃料和生物化学品，能产生用于制浆造纸的绿色电力、生产用蒸汽和热量。TRI所用的气化方法是建立在自身间接加热蒸气重整基础上的。过热蒸汽和生物质中的含碳组分反应产生燃料气体：氢气和一氧化碳（又叫合成气体）。在发生蒸汽重整反应时，同时发生水-气转换作用并产生额外的氢气和二氧化碳。TRI的“脉冲增强”蒸汽重整器是一项专利技术，它可以产生含有中等Btu热值的合成气，并能规定合成气的组成以满revenuestreamsbyproducing“green”powerandcreatingnew,high-valueproductssuchasbiofuelsandbiochemicals,allwhileimprovingtheefficiencyandprofitabilityoftheircorepaper-makingoperations.TRIisacompanywhichprovidestheessential,enablingbiomassgasificationtechnologyrequiredforthedevelopmentoftheforestproductsbio-refinery.Itsgasificationsystemsarecapableofhigh-performanceintegrationwithpulpandpaperfacilities.Industryanalystsbelievethethermo-chemicalpathway(gasification)istheonlycurrentlyavailabletechnologythatcanprocessallfeedstocks,bebuiltonalargescale,achievehighconversionefficienciesandberapidlyreplicatedworldwide.TRIGasificationTechnologyBydeployingbiomassgasifiers,thepulpandpaperindustrywillbeabletoprocessnotonlyspentliquor,butalsoanyotherbiomasson-siteandanybiomassthatcanbeeconomicallytransportedtoamill,suchasforestandagriculturalresiduals,forgasification.Thisgasificationsystemwillproduceasynthesisgas(“syngas”)forthereplacementoffossilfuels,theproductionofbiofuelsandbiochemicals,andthegenerationofgreenelectricity,processsteamandheatforpulpandpaperproduction.ThemethodofgasificationusedbyTRIisbasedonitsindirectly-heatedsteamreforming.Superheatedsteamreactsendothermically(consumesheat)withthecarbonaceouscomponentsofthebiomasstoproducehydrogenandcarbonmonoxidefuelgases(synthesisgasorsyngas).Water-gasshiftreactionsalsooccursimultaneouslywiththesteamreformingreactionstoyieldadditionalhydrogenandcarbondioxide.TRI’s“PulseEnhanced”steamreformerisapatentedtechnologythatproducesamediumBtusyngasandcancustomisethecompositionofthesyngastomeettheneedsofthedownstreamprocess.ItcanprocessawidespectrumofcarbonaceousfeedstocksandisenergyselfsufficientbyusingaportionofthesyngasproducedasfuelforthePulseEnhancedheatexchangersthatprovidetherequiredendothermicheat.Itisinherentlystableandsafe.TRIusesapatentedtechnologytoprovidetheendothermicheatforthesteamreformingreaction.Thistechnologycantransfer30-40percentmoreheatthanconventionaltechnologies,resultinginimprovedperformanceandreducedcosts.TRI’spulsecombustionheaterisaheatexchangedevicethatusespulsecombustiontechnologytocombustawiderangeoffuelstoprovideheattothesteamreformer.Norampac,Trenton,Ontario,CanadaTRI’stechnologywasemployedatthispapermilltoprocessspentliquor,apapermillprocessstreamthatcontainsbiomass㪌≑䞡ᭈ఼ᆠ৿⇶⇨ⱘড়៤⇨᮴∵ᶧᑳ⇨⌕ᗕ࣪㪌≑ᑩ䚼೎ԧಲᬊⱘ࣪ᄺક⫳⠽䋼ড়៤⇨TRI公司的“脉冲增强”蒸汽重整器是一项专利技术TRI’s“PulseEnhanced”steamreformerisapatentedtechnology美国已经制定了一个目标，那就是到2015年从木质纤维素原料中每年生产出十亿加仑的运输级生物燃料36Pulp&PaperTechnology•纸业技术足下一步工艺的需要。它能够处理广泛的含碳给料，并能利用部分合成气作为“脉冲增强”加热交换器的燃料从而达到能量自给，该加热交换器能提供所需的吸收热，且本身具有很好的稳地性和安全性。TRI