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1一、短语、单词训练。1.I-steel工字钢2.P-N-JunctionP-N结3.N-regionN区4.P-regionP区5.v-beltV带6.x-ray:x射线7.Building建筑物8.makeup:化妆品9.well-known:著名的10.carbonsteel:碳钢11.by-product:副产物12.SOS:SaveOurSouls呼救救命(国际呼救号)13.UK:UniteKings英国14.Million百万15.£:pound:英镑16.Flu:influenza:流感17.Acid;酸18.Hydrogen:氢19.weightlosses:重量损失,质量损失20.Activity活性21.Conversion:转化率22.Neutralize:中和23.steelrusty钢生锈24.molecularstructure分子结构25.X-raydiffractionx射线衍射26.proton质子27.chemicalreactions化学反应28.attractiveforces引力29.borax硼砂30.beeswax蜂蜡31.emulsifyingpower乳化力32.complicatedproblem复杂问题33.mechanicalenergy机械能34.sub-headings副标题35.pump泵36.fossilfuels矿物燃料37.Benzene苯38.slurry泥浆39.electrolytesolution电解液40.non-conductors非导体41.six-carbonring六元碳环42.doublebond双键43.sulfuricacid硫酸244.Enginerevolution发动机转速45.Purifiedhydrogen纯氢46.sulphonation磺化47.thedesiredtemperature要求的温度48.solutioninthetank:储槽溶液49.rubberandglass橡胶和玻璃50.kineticenergyandheatenergy动能和热能51.aromatics芳香烃52.anelectriccurrent电流53.mostorganicresearch大多数的有机研究二、注意名词单复数1Otherevaporationmaterialsandprocesseswillbediscussedbriefly.将简要讨论其他蒸发材料和工艺.2,Thehomologsofbenzearethosecontainingaalkylgouporalkylgroupsinplaceofoneormorehydrogenatoms苯的同系物指的是一个或多个烷基取代苯中的氢的产物3、Ketonesareverycloselyrelatedtobothaldehydesandalcohols.酮与醛和醇的关系都很密切。4、,Evaporationdiffersfromcrystallizationinthatemphasisisplacedonconcentratingasolutionratherthanformingandbuildingcrystals.蒸发与结晶不同,因为蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩而不是生成和析出结晶。三、注意词序转换1,Twowidelyusedalloysofcopperarebrassandbronze.两种广泛使用的铜合金是青铜和黄铜.2,Wecallstoredmechanicalenergypotentialenergy.我们称储存的机械能为势能.3,Watercanbedecomposedbyenergy,acurrentofelectricity.水能被电能分解4,Havingbeenwellinsulated,thewiremaybeusedasaconductor.经良好绝缘后,金属线可用作导体5、Peopleregardthesunasthechiefsourceofheatandlight人们把太阳视为主要的热源和光源。6、Wecantransformwaterintotwogasesbypassinganelectriccurrentthroughit.让电流通入水中,我们就能把水变为两种气体。7、Thefigureshowsthereaderstherelativeactionofreciprocatingbetweentheworkandthetool。这个图给读者显示了工件和刀具之间往复的相对运动。8、Twofactors,forceanddistance,areincludedintheunitsofwork.力和距离这两个因素都包含在功的单位内。四、注意被动语态(试卷上)1,Batchoperationarefrequentlyfoundinexperimentalandpilot-plantoperations.间歇操作常见于实验室操作及中试操作。2,Thehigherdegreeofunsaturationisassociatedwithsomewhatgreaterchemicalreactivity.较高程度的不饱和性是多少同较大程度的化学反应相联系的。33,Ifoneofmoreelectronsareremoved,theatomissaidtobepositivelycharged.如果原子失去一个或多个电子,我们就说这个原子带正电荷。4,Nowheadings,sub-headingsandtablesofcontentsinEnglishareprovided.现在提供英文的(主)标题、副标题和目录表。五、英译汉1,Metalareelectropositiveandhaveatendencytolosselectrons,ifsuppliedwithenergy:MM++e.Thestrongerthistendency,themoreelectropositiveandmoremetallicanelementis.Thetendencytolosselectronsdependsontheionizationenergy.Sinceitiseasiertoremoveanelectronfromalargeatomthanfromasmallone,metalliccharacterincreasesaswedescendthegroupsintheperiodictable.ThusinGroupⅣ,carbonisnonmetal,germaniumshowssomemetallicproperties,andtinandleadaremetals.Similarlymetalliccharacterdecreasesfromlefttorightacrosstheperiodictablebecauseatomicsizedecreasesandionizationenergyincreases.Thussodiumandmagnesiumaremoremetallicthansilicon,whichinturn,ismoremetallicthanchlorine.Themostelectropositiveelementsarefoundinthelowerleftofperiodictableandthemostnonmetallicintopright..金属是带正电荷的,而且当给他提供能量时,会有失去电子的趋向,即:MM++e.金属失电子愈强,该元素的电正性和金属性愈强。失电子的趋势由金属电离能大小决定。由于从一个原子半径大的原子失去电子比从小的原子半径失去电子要容易,所以在元素周期表中,同一主族的元素从上到下其金属性递增。比如,在第四主族,碳是非金属,锗表现出一些金属特性,锡和铅是金属。同样,,在周期表中,同一周期的元素从左到右,因为原子半径递减、电离能增加,其金属性递减。比如,钠和镁的金属性比硅强,依此类推,硅的金属性比氯强。电正性最强的元素出现在周期表的左下角,而非金属性最强的元素则出现在周期表的右下角。2,Theelectropostivenatureofametalisalsoshowninthedegreeofhydrationoftheions.Inthechange:M+to[(H2O)nM]thepositivechargebecomesspreadoverthewholecomplexion.Sincethechargeisnolongerlocalizedonthemetal,thisisalmostthesameasthechangeM+M.Stronglyelectropositivemetalshaveagreattendencytotheoppositechange:MM+,sothattheyarenotreadilyhydrated.Thelesselectropositivethemetal,theweakerthetendencyMM+andthestrongerthedegreeofhydration.ThustheelementsinGroupⅡaremoreheavilyhydratedthanthoseinGroupⅠ,andthedegreeofhydrationdecreasesdownagroup,e.g.MgCl·6H2OandBaCl·2H2O.金属元素的电正性也可以从它的离子水合作用程度反映出来。在M+到[(H2O)nM]的转化中,正电荷扩散到整个络合离子中,不再局限于金属上,这与M+M反应式中的电荷变化几乎相同。强正电性金属也容易发生可逆反应,即MM+,所以它们不容易发生水合反应。金属的正电性越弱,由MM+的可能性越少,发生水合反应的程度就越大。因此,第二主族元素的水合能力比第一主族要强,且同一主族元素的水合作用由上往下逐渐递减,比如MgCl·6H2OandBaCl·2H2O.(Mg的盐化合物可以6分子水,而Ba结合2分子水)。3、Oxides,whichareinsolubleinwater,areregardedasbasiciftheyreactwithacidstoformsalts.Thusinthemaingroupsoftheperiodictable,basicpropertiesincreaseondescendingagroupbecausetheelementsbecomemoreelectropositiveandmoreionic.However,thisgeneralizationdoesnotholdforthedblock,andparticularlyforthecentralgroupsoftransitionelements(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)wherebasicityandtheabilitytoformsimpleionsdecreasesondescendingthegroup.4不溶于水的氧化物与酸反应生成盐时,人们通常认为具有碱性。故在周期表的主族中,元素的碱性由上往下随元素的电正性和电离递增而增加。但是这一规律不适用于d区元素,特别不适用于过渡元素的中间部分元素(如,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni),因为它们的碱性和生成简单离子的能力在族中(自上而下)递降。4、Thedegreeofelectropositivityisshowninavarietyofways.Stronglyelectropisitiveelementsreactwithwaterandacids.Theyformstronglybasicoxidesandhydroxides,andtheyreactwithoxyacidstogivestablesaltssuchascarbonates,nitrates,andsul
本文标题:2012年专业英语复习资料
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