The Elizabeth Age伊丽莎白时代 英文版最全介绍

TheElizabethanAge(1558-1625)QueenElizabethanⅠTheFloweringofEnglishLiteratureQueenElizabethanⅠHenryⅧ(1509-1547)beganasapromisingyouthoflearningandloveforlearnedmen,butthelongreignturnedhimintoabloodthirstytyrant.Heisbestrememberednowforhavinghadsixwives,oneafteranother,twoofwhomhebeheaded,andtwohedivorced.HisdivorcewithQueenCatherineledtohisbreakwiththeRomanCatholicChurchandinadvertentlypavedthewayfortheinroadsofProtestantism.ThecountrywasthussplitbetweentheCatholicandtheProtestantfaith.AfterHenryⅧhisson,asicklyboy,waskingforafewyearsandthendiedsothathissister,“Bloody”Marry,adevoutCatholic,becamequeen,andhadtheopportunitytopersecutetheProtestantsasshepleased.Herfive-yearreignthrewthenationintocompletediscordandchaos.Sheleftnooffspringbehind.QueenElizabethanⅠQueenElizabethanⅠ(1533-1603)TheVirginQueen(童贞女王)Gloriana(荣光女王)GoodQueenBess(英明女王)ThechildlessElizabethwasthefifthandlastmonarchoftheTudordynasty(都铎王朝).QueenElizabethanⅠYoumayhavehadqueensandkings,goodorbad,butyou’llneverhaveonewholovesyoubetter.Shewasabletosecurea30-yearperiodofpeaceforthecountrysothatEnglandslowlybutsteadilycrawledtothezenithofwealthandpowerduringherreign.WhenFrancisDrakedefeatedtheSpanishArmadain1588,Englandbecamethefirstseapowerintheworld.Inreligion,shewasrelativelytolerantandavoidedsystematicpersecution.Shemadefriendswiththeopposingsidesofthereligiousconflict—CatholicSpainandProtestantFrance.Inaddition,sheencouragedlearningandadventures,andwasagreatpatronofliterature.QueenElizabethanⅠYoumayhavehadqueensandkings,goodorbad,butyou’llneverhaveonewholovesyoubetter.Shewasabletosecurea30-yearperiodofpeaceforthecountrysothatEnglandslowlybutsteadilycrawledtothezenithofwealthandpowerduringherreign.WhenFrancisDrakedefeatedtheSpanishArmadain1588,Englandbecamethefirstseapowerintheworld.Inreligion,shewasrelativelytolerantandavoidedsystematicpersecution.Shemadefriendswiththeopposingsidesofthereligiousconflict—CatholicSpainandProtestantFrance.Inaddition,sheencouragedlearningandadventures,andwasagreatpatronofliterature.TheFloweringofEnglishLiteratureTheElizabethanagewasoneinwhichRenaissancetransformedChaucer’sMedievalEnglandintoShakespeare’smodernone.Geniuswasunrestrained,andimaginationranwild.Allthethreemajordepartmentsofliterature—poetry,drama,andprose—bloomed,andcountlessauthorsviedinofferingtheirverybestinatremendousoutburstofcreativepower.EdmundSpenser埃德罗·斯宾塞1)InIrelandhewrotehismasterpieceTheFaerieQueene(《仙后》).2)Spenser’sgreatestwork,TheFaerieQueeneisalongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.TheknightasawholesymbolizeEngland,andtheevilfiguresstandforherenemies,asKingPhilipofSpain,MaryQueenofScots(bothCatholics)ortheChurchofRome.Thedominatingthoughtsofthepoemarenationalism(asshowninitscelebrationofQueenElizabethI),humanism(asshowninitsstrongoppositiontoRomanCatholicism)andPuritanism(清教主义)(asshowninitsmoralteaching),alltypicalofthepoet’sage.Butthesenewideasareexpressedundertheguiseofmedievalknighthood.Heremodernismandmedievalismareblended,buttheyareatthesametimeharmonizedbythebeautyofsoundandofcolorintheSpenserianpoetry(斯宾塞诗体).EdmundSpenser埃德罗·斯宾塞3)ThepublicationofTheShepherd’sCalendar(《牧羊人日历》)markedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland.Inthemeantime,thelanguagehadundergonesufficientchangesastobecalledModernEnglish,todistinguishitfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucer’sday.SpenserhasheldhispositionasamodelofpoeticalartamongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets,andhisinfluencecanbetracedintheworksofMilton,ShelleyandKeats.TheFaerieQueeneTheFaerieQueeneLargelysymbolic,thepoemfollowsseveralknightsintheiradventurestotesttheirvirtues:Holiness,Temperance,Chastity,Friendship,Justice,Courtesy.Dominatingthoughts:nationalism,humanism,andpuritanism.WritingfeatureofthepoemTheFaerieQueene”waswritteninaspecialverseformcalled:SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗节)。Eachstanzahas9lines,eachofthefirsteightlinesisiniambicpentameterform抑扬格五音步,andtheninthlineisaniambichexameterline长短格六步格诗.Therhythmschemeisababbcbcc.1590～1612anEnglishpoetcourtier,soldier1)SirPhilipSidneyiswell-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry.Hiscollectionoflovesonnets(十四行诗),AstrophelandStella(《爱星者和星星》),waspublishedin1591,afterhisdeath.2)HisApologyforPoetry(《为诗辩护》)(publishedin1595)isoneoftheearliestEnglishliteraryessays.Itwaswrittentoansweranattackonpoetryanddramaas“theschoolofabuse(陋习派).”Sidneydefendedtheusesofpoetry.Accordingtohim,poetryhassuperiorityoverphilosophyandhistory(诗歌比哲学和历史更具有优越性),asthephilosopherisconcernedwiththeabstractandgeneral,andthehistorianisconcernedwithwhatitisandnotwithwhatshouldbe,whilethepoetcanbetterthefunctionsofboth.Thepoet,Sidneyclaimed,cancreatethroughimages(可以通过意象来创作)whatisonlyamatterforspeculationtothephilosopherand,throughhisgiftofvisionbringustocontemplatetheideal(诗人的想象天赋可以带我们去沉思理想的世界),notonlytheactual.TheseviewsonpoetryrepresentthespiritofliterarycriticismoftheRenaissance.PhilipSidney菲利普·锡德尼lifebornatKentinNovember30,1554.TheeldestsonofSirHenrySidneyEducatedatShrewsburySchool(underThomasAshton,)andChristChurch,OxfordMarriedFrancis,borehimnochildap