00832自考英语词汇学笔记

00832英语词汇学笔记依据教材《英语词汇学》张维友主编，外语教学与研究出版社笔记依据目录IntroductionChapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabularyChapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyChapter3WordFormationIChapter4WordFormationIIChapter5WordMeaningChapter6SenseRelationsandSemanticFieldChapter7ChangesinWordMeaningChapter8MeaningandContextChapter9EnglishIdiomsChapter10EnglishDictionariesIntroductionOnthecourse:lexicology1.Interpolation（1）Greeting:hieverybody,welcometozikao365.com.tolearntheEnglishlexicology（2）Interpolationtothecourses:Generallyspeaking,thecoursesofEnglishmajorconsistof4parts:theyareA.thecomprehensivecourses:B.theknowledgeablecourses:English-speakingcountries:ASurvey/selectedreadingsinEnglishandAmericanliteratures/Europeanculture,introduction.C.theskillfulcourses:Englishwriting/oralEnglish/EnglishlisteningD.thetheoreticcourses:Englishgrammar/Englishlexicology.（3）onEnglishlexicologyOk,let'stouchuponthecourse:fromthecontents,welearnthatthecoursecosmistsofanintroductionandtenchapters;differentchaptersofcourse,havedifferentknowledgeableaspectswithdifferentmethodsanddifferentpoints.2.Thedetailsconcerned.Introductionofthecourse1.IntroductionIt'saboutthenatureanddomainofEnglishlexicology/methodsofstudyofthiscourse.0.1TheNatureandDomainofEnglishLexicologydomain:scope研究的领域（1）Definition:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的分支，它主要是研究词的来源以及词的意义（词汇学的定义）。（2）Domain:EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。morphological形态（3）Nature：Englishlexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourse.ItischieflyconcernedwiththebasictheoriesofwordsingeneralandofEnglishwordsinparticular.However,itisapracticalcourseaswell,forinthediscussion,weshallinevitablydealwithcopiousstocksofwordsandidioms,andstudyagreatmanyusageexamples.Naturally,therewillbealargequantityofpracticeinvolved.本句翻译：它是一个理论性的学科。同时它还是一个实践性的学科。0.2ItsRelationtoOtherDisciplinesdisciplines:subject学科Englishlexicologyitselfisasubbranchoflinguistics.Butitembracesotheracademicdisciplines,suchasmorphology,semantics,etymology,stylistics,lexicography.Eachofthemhasbeenestablishedasdisciplineinitsownright.本句翻译：英语词汇学与五大学科相关：形态学、语义学、词源学、文体风格学和词典学。Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiesthestructureorformsofwords,primarilythroughtheuseofmorphemeconstruct.Thisisoneofthemajorconcernsoflexicology,forweshalldiscusstheinflectionsofwordsandword-formationandexaminehowmorphemesarecombinedtoformwordsandwordstoformsentences.本句翻译：形态学是语法学的分支，主要是讲词的结构以及词的构成。当然这也属于词汇学的一个领域。morpheme词素word-formation构词法inflectionsofwords词的变形Etymologyistraditionallyusedforthestudyoftheoriginsandhistoryoftheformandmeaningofwords.ModernEnglishisderivedfromthelanguagesofearlyGermanictribeswithafairlysmallvocabulary.WeshallstudyhowthissmallvocabularyhasgrownintoahugemodernEnglishvocabularyandexplainthechangesthathavetakenplaceintheformsandmeaningsofwords.本句翻译：词源学主要是研究词的来源以及词义的历史发展构成。从英国的历史发展过程看，英语语言首先是来源于日尔曼部落的语言。Semanticsisthestudyofmeaningsofdifferentlinguisticlevels:lexis,syntax,utterance,discourse,etc.Butlexicologywillfocusonthelexicallevel.Thetypesofmeaningandsenserelationssuchaspolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymyandsemanticfieldallbelongtothescopeofsemanticstudyandconstituteanimportantpartoflexicology.本句翻译：语义学分为不同的语言层次：词汇层面的、句法层面的以及话语层面的、发音层面的等。词汇学的研究集中词汇层面。polysemy多义词Stylisticsisthestudyofstyle.Itisconcernedwiththeuser'schoicesoflinguisticelementsinaparticularcontextforspecialeffects.Amongtheareasofstudy:lexis,phonology,syntax,graphology,weshallconcentrateonlexis,exploringthestylisticvaluesofwords.本句翻译：文体风格学主要是关注作者或使用语言的人对语言因素的选择问题。当然在这个当中我们会把焦点集中在评说刚才提到的词汇方面。stylistics文体风格学Lexicographyshareswithlexicologythesameproblems:theform,meaning,originsandusagesofwords,buttheyhaveapragmaticdifference.本句翻译：我们讲的词汇学和词典学在某方面有共同的问题，它们共同研究的可能有词形、词义、词的来源以及词的用法等，但它们的实际用途不一样。0.3MethodsofStudy（1）TwoapproachesTherearegenerallytwoapproachestothestudyofwords,namelysynchronicanddiachronic.synchronic共时法diachronic历时法（2）Definition:A,synchronicFromasynchronicpointofview,wordscanbestudiedatapointintime,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.Forexample,thewordwifenowmeans‘amarriedwoman,esp.inrelationtoherhusband’.Thisisthecurrentmeaning.Ithasanobsoletemeaning‘woman’,whichisonlypreservedinmidwife,housewife,etc.midwife助产士housewife家庭主妇B,diachronicHowever,ifwetakeadiachronicperspective,wewillconsiderthewordhistorically,lookingintoitsoriginandchangesinformandmeaning.Inthislight,thewordwifeevolvedfromtheOldEnglishformwif,meaning‘woman’,butlateritbecamespecializedinthecourseofdevelopmenttothemodernmeaning‘amarriedwoman’.（3）FocusonthesynchronicThoughourfocusisonthesynchronicdescriptionofwords,weneedthediachronicapproachasasupplement,foraknowledgeofhistoricaldevelopmentofthevocabularywilldefinitelybeofgreathelptousinourlanguagestudy.0.4AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseLanguagestudyinvolvesthestudyofspeechsounds,grammarandvocabula