精液操作和人工授精

AI&SemenHandling精液操作和人工授精BeijingWorldWideSiresCo.,Ltd.北京环球种畜有限责任公司Additionalcostsincurredwhencowsremainopenformorethan100days.母牛空怀超过100天所造成的额外损失DAYSOPENADDEDCOSTSDUETO:100+10100+20100+30100+40100+50Production131.32280.28431.20582.12733.40AIFees7.2814.5621.8429.1236.40VeterinaryandMedicine16.4632.9349.3965.8682.38CalfLoss22.1244.1866.3088.42110.54Replacement38.0876.16114.24152.32190.40TotalAdditionalCost(RMB)215.26448.11682.97917.841153.12AverageCost/Day(RMB/Day)21.5222.4022.7722.9523.06Costsbasedon:milk–2.8RMB/L;feed–0.84RMB/L;Al–84RMB/service;vet&med–36.4RMB/cow;calfprice–840RMB;replacementcost–6720RMB.空怀天数因下列原因造成的损失SignsofHeat发情征候•alert,restlessbehavior,bawling警觉、不安、哞叫•shortenedfeedingtime采食时间短•aggressivebehavior,butting进攻行为、用角顶撞•swollen,reddenedvulva外阴红肿•mucusdischarge排出粘液•withholdingofmilk产奶量减少•increasedurination排尿次数增加•mountingothercows爬跨其它的牛•chinpressingonothercows用下巴挤压其它的牛•sniffing,lickingofvulva,lipcurling闻舔外阴、卷唇StandingHeat站立发情NO.OFOBSERVATIONPERIODS%COWSSEENINHEATOnce-a-dayobservation每日一次60%Twice-a-dayobservation每日两次80%Three-times-a-dayobservation每日三次90%Four-times-a-dayobservation每日四次100%HeatDetection发情鉴定观察次数发情检出率RulesforGoodHeatDetectionTieStallBarns良好的发情检查制度/栓系式牛棚•Turncowslooseatleastonceaday每天放牛至少一次•Observeforatleast20minutes观察至少20分钟•Observecows2othertimesoftheday当日增加两次其它时间的观察•Donotfeedorotherwisedistractthecowswhenyouarecheckingforheats检查发情时不要喂牛、否则会分散牛的发情行为•Exerciseareamusthavegoodfooting运动场必须平整RulesforGoodHeatDetectionFreeStallBarns良好的发情检查制度/自由散放式牛棚•Ensuregoodfootinginwalkways确保通道情况良好•Observecows3timesperdayforheat每日观察发情三次•Haveunobstructedviewofallcowsfromviewingarea观察发情区域视线良好，无障碍物•Cowswillnotshowgoodheatsignswhenfeedingorwaitingtobemilked采食或等候挤奶时，牛的发情征候不会表现出来•Donotcheckforheatswhilethereisequipmentoperatinginthearea区域内有设备运行时，不要检查发情TimingofBreeding配种时间的确定次要发情征候站立发情卵子寿命精子的寿命FactorsAffectingFertilityVariation影响繁殖力变化的因素EnvironmentandManagement96%环境和管理母牛Cow3%配种公牛Servicesire1%Weigeletal.,2001MajorManagement&EnvironmentFactors主要管理和环境因素•NutritionIssue营养问题•Energy能量•Protein蛋白•Vitamins维生素90%ofBreedingSuccessisFeedingSuccess•Minerals矿物质育种成功的90%是饲养管理的成功•SemenHandlingIfsemennotgood-NoChance精液操作如果精液质量不好-没有希望•HeatDetectionCowsDon’tshoworNotDetected发情鉴定如果母牛不表现发情或发情没有鉴定出•AITechniqueWrongPlace/WrongTime-NoChance人工授精技术授精部位或配种时间错误-没有希望•HeatStressDon’teat/Don’tShowHeat热应激牛不采食/不表现发情•MoldyFeedPregnancyLoss发霉饲料流产The4“Rights”ofSuccessfulBreeding配种成功的4个“正确”•RightSemen精液正确•RightCow母牛正确•RightPlace部位正确•RightTime时间正确RightSemen精液正确•ReputableSupplier有良好声誉的供应商•SemenStorage精液储存•SemenHandling精液操作•SemenThawing精液解冻StartwithaReputableSupplier开始于有良好声誉的供应商–In25yearsandmorethan1millionsdosesofsemenpurchasedfrommajorsuppliers,Ihavehadnoincidentsofdamagedsemenbeingreceivedandonlyonebullrejectedduetopoorconceptionrates.在过去的25年中，我从主要的精液供应商购买了100多万剂量的精液，从来没有发生过精液质量受损的问题，只有一头公牛因受孕率低没有被采用。•WWS,ABS,Alta,Semex,CRI,Masterrind,GenesDiffusionSemenStorage精液贮存•StoreinwellLitandwellventilatedarea贮存在照明和通风良好的地方•Placetankonadrywoodenpalletorboard液氮罐放置在干燥的木排或木板上•AvoiddirectcontactwithcementorcleaningChemicalscommonlyfoundinmilkingparlorarea避免直接放置在混凝土地面或接触挤奶厅常用的化学清洁物•Acidsreleasedfromsweatingcementorstrongcleaningagentscancausetankcorrosionandleadtofailureofthevacuumseal.潮湿混凝土或清洁剂释放酸类，易腐蚀液氮罐，导致真空密封失效。TankManagement液氮罐管理•Topuptanksregularlyandmonitornitrogenusage定期加满液氮并监督液氮的消耗•Increasednitrogenconsumptionrateisanearlysignthatyourtankislosingitsvacuum.Checkyourtankdailyforsignsoffrostingandevery2weekfornitrogenconsumptionrate.液氮消耗量增加是液氮罐真空损失加快的早期征候。每日检查罐是否有结霜的迹象，每两周检查一次液氮的消耗率。SemenTank精液罐Knowyourtankinsideandoutside了解精液罐的内外构造A.Cap外盖B.Caprester提斗架托C.Externalshield外罐体D.Neck罐颈E.Lockholder锁扣F.Canisterhandle提斗把手G.Vacuumretentionsystem真空保持系统H.Indexspider指数星形架I.Cork塞子J.Insulation绝缘材料I•Sementankshouldeasilylastfor10yearsormore.Mostoldertanksaremuchlessefficientatholdingnitrogenthantoday’snewermodels.Eventually,alltankslosetheirvacuumandarerendereduseless.Thismayoccurgraduallyovertimeorcanoccurquitesuddenlyovernight.Ifyouhaveanoldtank(10years)considerupgradingtoanewer,moreefficientmodel.•精液罐较易使用10年以上。多数使用多年的老罐，其保持液氮的效率要比今天的新型罐差得多。最终所有的罐都会失去真空而报废。这可能经过一段时间逐渐失效，也可能一夜之间突然发生。如果你使用的是老罐（10年），考虑更新到效率更高的型号。TankManagement液氮罐管理TemperatureofLiquidNitrogen液氮温度-196CTemperatureofNitrogenVapor液氮蒸汽温度-176CCriticalTemperatureforFrozenSemen冷冻精液危险临界温度-90C注意：精液停留在这个危险区域只需几秒钟，就会降低繁殖力。结霜线真空和玻璃纤维绝缘材料液氮外罐体真空封口内衬SEMENHANDLING精液的操作•LabelSemenontheoutsideofthetankssodon’thavetomessaroundfindingtherightbull.在罐体外面做好精液标签，不必翻来翻去找牛号。•Usewideneckedtankssocankeepthestrawsbelowthefrostlinewhenselectingbulls使用宽口罐，这样选牛时可以把精液置于结霜线以下。SEMENHANDLING精液的操作•Handlesemeningoodlightingconditions操作精液时要有良好的照明条件•Keepcanistersaslowaspossibleinthenecktubewhileremovingstrawsforthawing取出细管解冻时，把提斗保持在罐颈尽可能低的地方。•Ifyoucan’tcompletethestrawselectionin5seconds,returnthesementotheliquidnitrogenfor30secondsbeforetryingagain如果在5秒钟之内没有完成选定并取出细管，把精液放回液氮，30秒后再选。SEMENHANDLING精液的操作SEMENHANDLING精液的操作SemenThawing精液解冻•WipeStrawbeforeplacinginThawingwater放入解冻温水前用纸巾擦干细管。•Placeinwaterwithplugendup????塞子朝上放入解冻温水？？？•ThawTemperature35-37C水温