薄膜材料Ch01

ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE1ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms11ATOMICARRANGEMENTOFTHESOLIDSURFACENatureofthesolidsurfaceTwodimensionalcrystallographySurfacereconstructionandrelaxationManpointsinthischapterChapter1ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE2ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms22Aconsequenceoftheplaneh(hkl)cuttingthecrystal(hkl)DividingCuttinginmacroscopicCreatingasurface(hkl)ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE3ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms33DividingBrokingthebondsinmicroscopicCreatingasurface(hkl)ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE4ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms44CreatingasurfaceBindingelectronsofcovalentbond(hkl)Non-boundedbindingelectronsDanglingbonds(DB)DividingBrokingthebondsinmicroscopicDanglingbondsZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE5ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms55MakingDB2)cohesiveenergysurfacefreeenergyCreatingthesurface1)solidstatevaporstatePropertiesoftheDBAprocessofcreatingthesurfacecanbeconsideredasthefollowingprocessesofDanglingbondsHighenergyGaseousstateZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE6ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms66MakingDBCreatingthesurfaceDanglingbondsBondenergyEbThenatureofthesurfaceMasstransferEnergytransferEcoh=SEbAprocessofcreatingthesurfacecanbeconsideredasthefollowingprocessesof2)cohesiveenergysurfacefreeenergy1)solidstatevaporstatePropertiesoftheDBHighenergyGaseousstateZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE7ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms77IdealSurfaceTwodimensionalcrystallographyCleanSurfaceSurfacereconstructionandrelaxationRealSurfaceAdsorption,reconstruction,TLKmodeTypesofthesurfacesNatureoftheSolidSurfaceZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE8ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms88Surfaceperiodicity–2DperiodicitySymmetryoperationsRotation(1,2,3,4,6)Mirrorreflection(m)Translational(T)SurfacecrystallographyGlidemirror(g)ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE9ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms99Equivalentpositionandsymmetryoperationsofthetentwo-dimensionalpointgroups.Internationalnotationisusedforthenamesinfullandabbreviated(bracketed)forms.121m(m)2mm(mm)366mm(6m)3m4mm(4m)4Symmetryoperationsof10two-dimensionalpointgroupsSurfacecrystallographyZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE10ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1010Fig.ThefiveTwo-dimensionalBravaislattices.Rectangularab,a=90Squarea=b,a=90Centeredrectangularab,a=905two-dimensionalBravaislatticesObliqueab,a90baaHexagonala=b,a=120aabSurfacecrystallographyZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE11ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms111117two-dimensionalspacegroupsObliqueRectangularSquareHexagonalp211p1p2mgp2ggc2mmp4p1m1p1g1c1m1p2mmp4mmp4gmp3p3m1p31mp6p6mmSurfacecrystallographypandcdenotesimpleandcenteredlattices,respectively.ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE12ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms12121234567891011121314151617numberSUMMARYFORTWO-DIMENSIONALCRYSTALLOGRAPHYp1p211p1m1p1g1c1m1p2mmp2mgp2ggc2mmp4p4mmp4gmp3p3m1p31mp6p6mmp1p2p1pgcmpmmpmgpggcmmp4p4mp4gp3p3m1p31mp6p6mspacegroups11m2m44mm33m66mm2pointgroupobliquerectangularsquarehexagonallatticeZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE13ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1313IfR{hkl}(pxq)canbeusedfordescribingthereconstruction.Forexample,Si(111)77-H,Si(111)33-30º,andetc.R{hkl}(pxq)-bnamTnm),(rrnmrbnamT),(,,bqbaparrthenanoteCleanSurfaceSurfacereconstructionandrelaxationZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE14ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1414SURFACERECONSTRUCTIONabPrimitivemeshFig.SurfacereconstructiononSi(111).C(22)arbrarbrSi(111)-(33)-30Si(111)-(22)Si(111)-C(22)arbr,3,3bbaarr3033,2,2bbaarr,2,2bbaarr227x7-Si(111)relaxationZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE16ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms161677-Si(111)ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE17ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1717Atomicscaleimagingofinsulatingdiamondthroughresonantelectroninjection2x1-Diamond(100)ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE18ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1818C.hcp(0001)-(3x3)-30-XA.bcc(110)-(6x2)-XB.fcc(100)-(2x2)-45-XExamplesofadsorbedoverlayers.REALSURFACESZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE19ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms1919AtomichydrogenadsorptiononNi(110)Rieder,K.H.(1983),Phys.rev.B32,7799.Ni(110)cleanH=0MLNi(110)c(2x6)HH=0.33MLNi(110)c(2x4)HH=0.5MLZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE20ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms2020AtomichydrogenadsorptiononNi(110)Ni(110)c(2x6)HH=0.83MLNi(110)(2x1)HH=1.0MLNi(110)c(2x6)HH=0.67MLZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE21ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms2121TerraceLedgeKinkholestepadsorbedatomNOMINALSURFACERougheningSurface–TLKmodeZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSE22ZhimingYU,Dept.ofMSESurfacePhysicsSurf.Sci.&ThinSolidFilms2222Fig.ComputedsurfaceequilibriumconfigurationusingtheMonteCarloMethodforvariousvaluesofkT/f.H.Leamy,G.GilmerandK.Jackson,inJ.Blakely(Ed.),SurfacePhysicsofMaterials,(AcademicPress,NewYork,1975),