CO2 Emission Induced by Household Consumption in C

CO2EmissionInducedbyHouseholdConsumptioninChinaWangYanSchoolofScienceCommunicationUniversityofChinaBeijing,ChinaE-mailġ[e-mail]eCommunicationUniversityofChinaBeijing,ChinaE-mail:[e-mail]—ThispapercalculatedtheinventoryofCO2emissioninChinabasedoninput-outputmodel,andthenestimatedCO2emissioninducedbyurbanandruralhouseholdconsumptionbasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditurefrom1995to2004inChina.Theresultsshowthatfrom1995to2004,CO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhasincreasedfrom911kgCO2to1,564kgCO2.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhasrisenfrom37%to45%inthepastdecade.CO2emissionpercapitainducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionhasincreasedfrom1,583kgCO2to2,498kgCO2.CO2emissionpercapitainducedbyruralhouseholdconsumptionhasgrownfrom636kgCO2to894kgCO2.ChangeinlifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Itcanbeexpectedthathouseholdsinlow-incomeregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinfuture.AlthoughitmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission,areasonablelevelofCO2emissionisneededtosatisfyhumanbasicneedsandtoimprovehouseholdlivelihood.AnoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahasreachedataquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardslow-carbonsocietyisrequiredurgently.Keywords-CO2emissioninducedbyhouseholdconsumption,inventoryofCO2emission,input-outputmodel,ChinaI.INTRODUCTIONHouseholdconsumptionisoneofimportantfactorsofinducingenergyconsumptionandCO2emission.HomeenergyusemaydirectlycauseCO2emission.Ontheotherhand,becausemanyenergyisembodiedingoodsandservices,ConsumptionoflivingcommoditiesandservicemayresultinindirectCO2emission.Theincomegrowth,theimprovementoflivingstandard,theincreasingamountofhomeappliance,housingandprivatetransportation,havedriventheindirectenergyconsumptionandincreasedtheamountofindirectCO2emission.ItisevidentthatinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,theratioofCO2emissioninducedbyconsumptiontothetotalyearlyCO2emissionisabout40-50%[1]-[8].Todealwithglobalclimatechange,internationalcommunityissparingnoeffortpromotingthedevelopmentof“low-carboneconomy”.Theso-called“low-carboneconomy”isbasedonlowenergyconsumption,lowpollution,andlow-emission.Therefore,energysavingandemissionreductionshouldbealsoemphasizedinhouseholdconsumptionandlifestyle.ChinahasbecomethesecondlargestCO2emission,Adrasticchangeinlifestyleisundergoingwithincomegrowth.IthasbeenobservedthatincreaseinhouseholdconsumptionhasdrivengrowthinenergyconsumptionandCO2emissioninthepastdecades[9].However,thereissignificantdisparityinconsumptionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionsinChina.Therefore,theeffectsofincomedifferencesandregionaldisparityonCO2emissioninducedbyconsumptionshouldbetakenintoaccount.ThispaperaimstoestimateCO2emissioninducedbyhouseholdconsumptionandthentoprovidedinsightonperspectiveforlow-carbonsocietyinChina.Inthefirst,coefficientofCO2emissioniscalculatedbasedoninput-outputanalysis,andthenCO2emissioninducedbyConsumptionofurbanresidentsduring1995-2004isestimatedbyusingstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.Secondly,differenceinCO2emissionacrossdifferentregionsiscompared.Thirdly,contributionofincreasinghousingandtransportexpendituretoCO2emissionisanalyzed.Finally,futureperspectiveofCO2emissioninducedbyconsumptionwithincomegrowthandregionaldevelopmentisdiscussedtodrawpolicyimplicationforlow-carbonsociety.II.METHODSANDDATAA.MethodsThegeneralmethodusedforestimatingtheCO2emissionofhouseholdsisoutlinedinLenzen(1998),BinandDowlatabadi(2005),ParkandHeo(2007),input-outputanalysisandconsumerlifestyleapproacharethemainmethodsintheirworks.Inthispaperwedrewupontheworkofthem,thefunctionsareasfollows:dirembdirindEYQEEE+=+=.(1)1)(−−=AIQQdiremb.(2)YCCChhemb×+=)(.(3)1)(−−=AICCdiremb.(4)hhhhQtcoefficienCOC×=2.(5)12)(−−×=AIQtcoefficienCOCdiremb.(6)59___________________________________978-1-4244-6928-4/10/$26.00©2010IEEEE:energyuseinducedbyresidentsconsumption;Qemb:Indirectenergyuseofurbanresident;1)(−−AI:Leontiefinversematrix;Qdir:directenergyintensityofsectors;Qhh:directenergyuseofurbanresidents;Y:thematrixofresidentsconsumption;C:CO2emissionbyresidentsconsumption;Cemb:indirectCO2emissionbyresidentsconsumption;Chh:directCO2emissionofresidentsCO2Coeifficientm:thecarboncoefficientoffuelm.Theabove-describedfunctionsareaimedatcalculatingindirectCO2emissioninducedbyconsumption,whilethemethodofdirectCO2emissionisdrewupontheresearchofWei(2007).B.RegionsAccordingtovariouslevelsofeconomicdevelopmentindifferentregionsinChina,7provincesareashavebeenselectedfromeasttowest,i.e.Northeast,Liaoning,Northmunicipalities,Beijing,East,Shanghai,Southcoast,Guangdong,Centralregion,Hunan,Northwest,Gansu,andSouthwest,Yunnan.C.DataHomeenergy,finalenergyusearealltakenfromChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook(1997-2005);theconsumptionexpenditureofurbanfamiliesistakenfromtheChinaStatisticalYearbook(1996-2005);StatisticalYearbooksof7provinces(1996-2005);ChinesePriceandUrbanhouseholdSurveyYearbook(1996-2005);40sectorInput-outp