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TheHundredYears’WarByGroup3Outline•Definition•Time•Causesa.Majorcausesb.Directcause•Course•Influence•Twoworksaboutthewar•JoanofArkDefinition•AseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFrancefrom1337to1453thatresultedinthefinalexpulsionoftheEnglishfromallFrenchterritoriesexceptCalais.Itisthelongestwarintheworld.Duringthisperiod,manynewtacticsandweaponshavedevelopedquickly.TheHundredYears’War•Places:FranceandEngland•Time:1337-1453•Result:ItendedinvictoryfortheFrench,andtheFrenchrecapturedtheterritorieswhichhadbeencontrolledbyEngland.•Themaincommanders:JoanofArc,HenryVTime•From1337to1453.Causes•Majorcauses:(conflicts)a:WiththedevelopmentofParliament,theEnglisheconomydevelopedremarkablyintheearlyfourteenthcenturyandtheEnglishbourgeoisiegrewrapidly.b:Sincetradewasstillthemainsourceofwealthforthebourgeoisie,thenewclassdesiredtoexpandforeignmarkets.Francealsowantedtoenlargeitsspheresofinfluence.c:TheEnglishkingsuspectedthatFrancehadbeengivingaidtotheScotsintheiroppositiontoEngland.Cause•Directcause:thedisputeoversuccessiontotheFrenchthrone.Thecourseofthewar•In1337,thewarbrokeout•Initialstage:theEnglishwereontheoffensiveandwongreatvictories(anavalvictory,somelandbattles)•In1356,theFrenchkingwastakenprisonerandheldtoransom.•In1377,Edwarddied,Englishhadlosttheterritoryagain.Twosideswereexhaustedandthewarstopped.Thecourseofthewar•In1415,HenryⅤ(1413-1422)renewedthewarandwasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.•AfterHenryⅤdiedin1422,gunsandgunpowderfirstusedinthewarandundertheleadershipofJoanofArc,andmanyFrenchpeasantsjoinedinthewar,theEnglishtroopsbegantolosegroundstepbystepuntiltheyweredrivenoutofFrance.arTheHundredYears’WarHenryⅤThefourfamousbattles:MainEventsEdwardIIIBlackDeath(1348-49)RichardIIThePeasantUprisingHenryVRecognizedtotheFrenchthroneintheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337-1453)WhatistheBlackDeathabout?TheBlackDeathwasduringEdwardIIIperiod.Itwasoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinhistory.In1347A.D.,agreatplagueswept(鼠疫)overEurope.OnethirdoftheEuropeandied.OutlineInfluenceonFranceandBritainonthewhole.Thewar’seffecttoFranceanditspeople.Thewar’seffecttoBritainanditspeople.Thewar’sinfluenceontheweapons,warsystem.Influenceonnationalemotion.Influenceonthelanguage.Itwasadisasterforthepeople.Bothoftheireconomywasdeeplydamaged,sothepeopleinthetwocountrieslivedindirepoverty.Thewarinonehundred,cryinginonehundred.Thewarhadanenormousimpactonthelaterdevelopmentofthetwocountries.ItcanbesaidbothofthetwocountriesbecamethecentralizedcountriesbecauseoftheneedoftheHundredYears’War,whichwasbeneficialfortheirfuturedevelopment.From1380to1415,Francewasinprolongedinstabilityanditsindustryandcommercedeclinedseriously.Thewarstimulatednationalisticsentiment.ItdevastatedFranceasaland,butitawakenedFrenchnationalism.TheHundredYears'WaracceleratedtheprocessoftransformingFrancefromafeudalmonarchytoacentralizedstate.ItspedupthedeclineoffeudalismandestablishedanabsolutemonarchyinEngland.IthadahugeinfluenceonthegrowthofsproutofthecapitalistproductiverelationshipofBritain.ItadvancedthedevelopmentofBritain’seconomy.IthelpedEnglishlanguagetobereestablishedastheofficiallanguage.ItpromotedtheformationofBritishnation-state.TherulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhome.Hauberk(锁子甲)inEuropehadmorethanonethousandyearshistory.Earlyinthewar,itwasstillthebestprotectiveequipment.Butlater,platearmor(板甲)greatlyenhanceprotection.Thenewequipment,infact,themostsignificantvaluethatwasmainlyforshooting.SoevenalargescaleapplicationofBritishlongbow,itdoesn'twork.Gunpowder(火药)andcannon(炮)playedsignificantrolesasearlyas1375.Thelastbattleofthewar,wasthefirstbattleinEuropeanhistoryinwhichartillery(大炮)wasthedecidingfactor.InfluenceonnationalemotionThewarwakeupthepeople'snationalconsciousness,raisedthenationalspirit.InfluenceonthelanguageOverthehundredyears'war,EnglishiswidelyusedinFrance.SoEnglishandFrenchwerewellmixed.Today,morethan30%ofEnglishwordscomefromFrench.TwoworksaboutthewarShakespeare’shistoricalplaysofHenryⅣandHenryⅤMarkTwain’snovelPersonalRecollectionsofJoanofArc(praisedpatriotismandherdistainforvainglory.)圣女贞德圣女贞德(法语:Jeanned'Arc或JeannelaPucelle,1412年1月6日-1431年5月30日)是法国的军事家,天主教圣人,被法国人视为民族英雄。在英法百年战争(1337年-1453年)中她带领法国军队对抗英军的入侵,最后被捕并被处决。圣女贞德贞德原本是一位法国农村少女,她声称在十六岁时的一日,在村后的大树下遇见天使圣弥额尔、圣玛加利大和圣加大肋纳,从而得到“上帝的启示”,要求她带兵收复当时由英格兰人占领的法国失地。后来她几番转折,得到兵权,于1429年解奥尔良之围,成为了闻名法国的女英雄,后带兵多次打败英格兰的侵略者,更促使拥有王位承继权的查理七世于同年7月16日得以加冕。然而圣女贞德于1430年在贡比涅一次小冲突中为勃艮第公国所俘,不久为英格兰人以重金购去,由英格兰当局控制下的宗教裁判所以异端和女巫罪判处她火刑,于1431年5月30日在法国鲁昂当众处死。20年后英格兰军队被彻底逐出法国时,贞德年老的母亲说服教宗卡利克斯特三世重新审判贞德的案子,最终于1456年为她平反。500年后被梵蒂冈封圣。Theend.
本文标题:新编英法百年战争
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