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加拿大•1Pre-Columbianera•2Europeancontact•3NewFrance1534–1763•4thegovernmentofBritishandtheestablishmentoffederalstate•5Recentdevelopment1Pre-Columbianera–primitivestage•ThefirstinhabitantsarebelievedtohavecometoCanadafromAsiaabout12000yearsago.•SomelikelycrossedatemporarylandbridgethatjoinedSiberiaandAlaska.Thenameofthecountry,Canada,wasderivedfromtheHuron-Iroquois“Kanata”,meaningavillageorsettlement.2Europeancontact---contactandconflict•ThereareseveralreportsofcontactmadebeforeChristopherColumbusandtheageofdiscoverybetweenFirstNations,Inuitandthosefromothercontinents.•TheearliestknowndocumentedEuropeanexplorationinCanadaaredescribedintheIcelandicSagas,whichrecounttheattemptedNorsecolonizationoftheAmericas•TheNorsewerethefirsttoarrivearoundtheyear1000.•However,theNorseadventuresinCanadacametoanendwellbefore14thand15thcentury.3NewFrance1534–1763---ageofcolonization•QuebecCityin1608•ConflictsinNewFrancedefinition•ItreferstotheFrenchempireinNorthAmericafrom1608to1763•oneoftheoldestEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmerica•Champlain'sfoundingofQuebecCityin1608,bySamueldeChamplain•MarkedthebeginningofNewFrance,andthusthetruebeginningofCanada.SamueldeChamplain(1567or1580–December25,1635)•TheFatherofNewFrance”•beganexploringNorthAmericain1603•thefirstEuropeantoexploreanddescribetheGreatLakes,andpublishedmapsofhisjourneysandaccountsofwhathelearnedfromthenativesandtheFrenchlivingamongtheNatives.•formedrelationshipswithlocalpeople•In1620,devotedhimselftotheadministrationofthecountry.•establishedtradingcompaniesthatsentgoods,primarilyfur,toFrance,andoversawthegrowthofNewFranceintheSt.LawrenceRivervalleyuntilhisdeathin1635.ConflictsinNewFrance•NewFranceEnglishcolonies•Anunevencontest,inwhichtheFrenchinCanadaweregreatlyoutnumbered.•Aresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,EnglishandFrance.Reasonforconflicts•ResulteddeeplyfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeintheNorthwest.(present-dayManitobaandbeyond)Historicfacts•The17thcentury,Britain,FrancelaunchastruggleforCanada,theaukoccupiedsomesurroundingregionsaroundtheFrenchterritory,thusbesiegedthelatter.•Bitbybit,thisconflictsbetweentwopowerscameintoawar-----SevenYears’War(1756-1763)SevenYears’War(1756-1763)•wasamajormilitaryconflictthatlastedfrom1756to1763.ItinvolvedallofthemajorEuropeanpowersoftheperiod.TheresultsoftheSevenYears’War•UndertheTreatyofParis,whichendedthewarin1763,FranceofficiallycededNewFrancetoBritain.•BritainissuedtheRoyalProclamationof1763,whichestablishedtheprovinceofQuebecoutoftheinhabitedportionofNewFrancelocatedinthelowerSt.LawrenceValley.•In1774,theBritishpassedalaw(theQuebecAct)thatguaranteedtheFrenchprotectionoftheirlanguageandreligion.TreatyofParis•oftencalledthePeaceofParis,ortheTreatyof1763,wassignedon10February1763.•bythekingdomsofGreatBritain,FranceandSpain,withPortugalinagreement.•ItendedtheFrenchandIndianWar/SevenYears'War.•ThetreatymarkedthebeginningofanextensiveperiodofBritishdominanceoutsideEurope.4thegovernmentofBritishandtheestablishmentoffederalstate---ageofupanddownProcess1.DividedQuebec2.ConstitutionActof17913.StrugglinginCanada:3.1Colonialrebellion3.2Reformers’rebellion3.3Charlottetownmeeting3.4BritishNorthAmericaAct1DividedQuebec•Reason:AmericanRevolutionAmericancolonistswhoremainedloyaltotheBritishflednorthtoQuebecandScotiaThepupulationofthetwocoloniesgrewovernightdividedintotwocoloniesUpperCanada:uptheriverBoundary:OttawaRiverLowerCanada:alongthelowersectionofSt.Lawrence2ConstitutionActof1791•AnActformakingmoreeffectualProvisionfortheGovernmentoftheProvinceofQuebec,inNorthAmerica•GaveeachofCanada’sprovincesalieutenant-governor,anexecutive,alegislativecouncil,andalegislativeassembly.•Onlytheassemblywaselectedbythepeople.3StrugglinginCanada:3.1Colonialrebellion3.2Reformers’rebellion3.3Charlottetownmeeting3.4BritishNorthAmericaAct3.1ColonialrebellionDevelopment:TheFrenchCanadiansstruggledtopreservetheircultureandtoadapttoanewsystemofgovernment.In1826,formedthePartiPatriote,whichwasledbyLouis-JosephPapineau.ThePartiotesdrewupalistofdemandsforchange,whichwasrejectedbytheBritish.In1837,thePartiotestriedtooverthrowthegovernmentbyforce.3.1Colonialrebellion•TherebellionwasveryquicklyputdownbyBritishtroops.Papineaufledthecountryand850Partioteswerearrested;12werehanged.3.2Reformers’rebellion•ledbyWilliamLyonMackenzie•demandedanAmericanformofgovernmentandseparationfromGreatBritain.•quicklybeputdownbymilitiaandBritishsoldiers.EffectsofReformers’rebellion•BritainsentLordDurhamtoCanadatoinvestigatethetroublesinthetwoCanadas.•HerecommendedthatUpperCanadaandLowerCanadabeunitedandthattheybegivenasystemofgovernmentthatwouldgivemorepowertotheelectedmembersoftheAssembly.“responsiblegovernment”Agovernmentsysteminwhichthegovernmentisresponsibletothepeople,andthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetareresponsibletotheParliament.Cameintoeffectin1841withformationoftheProvinceofCanada.TheProvincehadtwosections:CanadaEastandCanadaWest.Eachhasthesamenumberofseatsinthegovernment.3.3Charlottetownmeeting1、DelegatesGrits:ledbyBrownTories:edbyMacdonaldBleus:ledbyCartier2、Aim
本文标题:加拿大的历史
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