高一英语重点和难点

高一英语第一学期重点和难点重点:1.句子的成分和种类2.状语、定语、名词性从句3.重点词汇和句型难点：1.翻译的技巧2.时态（含现在完成进行时和将来完成时）及语态（含主动表被动）高一英语讲义教学对象:新高一教学时长:2个小时教学重难点:1.英语句子成分解2.英语句子种类讲解教学过程:一:导入:自我介绍及简单的师生交流二:新知识点讲授1)英语简单句的五种基本结构S+V是主谓S+V+DO是主谓加双宾S+V+P是主谓宾S(主语)＋V(谓语)＋I(间接宾语)＋D(直接宾语)S(主语)＋V(动词)＋O(宾语)＋Complement(补语)下面是讲解1.Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,exist,fall,happen,rise,等等。如：Thestudentsworkveryhard.学生们学习很努力。Sheapologizedtomeagain.她再次向我道歉。Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayevening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。2.Subject(主语)＋Link.V(系动词)＋Predicate(表语)这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,等等。如：Severalplayerslayflatontheplayground.几个队员平躺在操场上。Weshouldremainmodestandprudentanytime.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。Thiskindoffoodtastesterrible.这种食物吃起来很糟糕。Thepicturelooksmorebeautifulatacertaindistance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove,等等。如：Springcomes.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。Don'thavethefood.Ithasgonebad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。Thefactsprovetrue.事实证明是正确的。3.Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Object(宾语)这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：Youcanputthebooksinyourbag.你可以把书放在书包里。Farmersinourareagrowlotsofvegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。Shelostthechancetomakeherappearanceonthestage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。Iprefertomakewebpages.我更喜欢做网页。4.Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirectobject(间接宾语)＋Directobject(直接宾语)这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如：Yesterdayherfatherboughtherabicycleasabirthdaypresent.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。TheoldmanistellingthechildrenstoriesintheLongMarch.老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1)动词＋宾语＋forsb.；2)动词＋宾语＋tosb.。如：Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.－Pleaseshowyourpicturetome.请把你的画给我看一下。I'llofferyouagoodchanceaslongasyoudontloseheart.—I'llofferagoodchanceforyouaslongasyoudon'tloseheart.只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。5.Subject(主语)＋Verb(动词)＋Object(宾语)＋Complement(补语)这种句型中的宾语＋补语可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：Keepthechildrenquiet,please.请让孩子们安静下来。Hepaintedthewallwhite.他把墙漆成白色。Wefoundhimanhonestperson.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。Hismothertoldhimnottoplayonthestreet.他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,observe,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.老板让他整天做那项工作。2)英语句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。英语从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句),定语从句和状语从句等。TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.三.练习判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.2.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.3.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatseven.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?四.英语句子成分分析讲解英语句子成分讲解一、主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)Helikesdancing.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)附带复习一下it作形式主语的一些用法:当主语部分太长时为了句子平衡采用it作形式主语。所谓形式是指句子的真正主语将在句子末段出现1.itis+名词+从句:Itisasurprisethatyougivesuchananswertothisquestion.2.itis+形容词+从句:Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.3.It+动词+从句:Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.4.Itbe+分词+从句:ItissaidthatLiTaohasbeentoEurope.二、谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.三、表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.(名词)Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Heisasleep.(形容词)Hisfatherisin.(副词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.”(不定式)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)常见的系动词有:be,sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)，remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感觉)….Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.三、宾语：1)动作的承受者——动宾IlikeChina.(名词)Hehatesyou.(代词)Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.(数词)Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3)双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.四、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.(名)Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)五、主补：对主语的补充。Hewaselectedm