教育心理学双语

U1AnIntroductiontoEducationalPsychologyKEYWORDSTreatment治疗Negativecorrelation负相关Variables变量Uncorrelated不相关Laboratory实验室DescriptiveResearches描述研究Internalvalidity内部效度Actionresearch行为研究Externalvalidity外部效度Correlationalstudy相关性研究Controlgroup对照组Qualitativeresearches定性研究Quantitativeresearches定量研究Positivecorrelation正相关Questions1.Whyiseducationalpsychologyvaluableforteachers?为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值？Becauseaccordingtheeducationalpsychology,teachercanmakedecisionsbetter.Itprovidedteachersalanguagetodiscussourexperiencesandthinking.2.Generallyspeaking,whatiseducationalpsychologyconcernedabout?一般来说,教育心理学关注的是什么?Thestudyof1.Learners——thenatureofstudents2.Learning——principlesoflearning3.Teaching——methodsofteachingU2HowPiagetViewDevelopmentschemes格式conservation守恒adaptation适应centration自我中心化assimilation同化reversibility可逆性accommodation顺应reflexes反射Cognitivestructure认知结构论Equilibration平衡1.ToPiaget,howdidonedevelopcognitively?1.Knowledgecomesfromaction.知识来自行动。2.Developmentdependsonchild’smanipulationandactiveinteractionwiththeenvironment.发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。3.Achild’scognitiveabilitiesprogressthroughfourdistinctstages.Eachstageischaracterizedbytheemergenceofnewabilitiesandwaysofprocessinginformation.孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。2.AccordingtoPiaget’stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?1.Toknowtheprocesschildrenusetogettotheanswerisasimportantastheresult.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。2.Children’sself-initiated,activeinvolvementinlearningactivitiesiscrucialtotheirrecognition.孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。3.Prematureeducationisnotnecessaryforchildren.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的4.Childrendevelopatthesamesequencebutdifferentrates,soindividualsandsmallgroupactivitiesshouldbeproperlyarrangedinclass.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理。3.HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoPiaget?Accordingtopiaget,learningdependsonthisprocessofassimilationandaccommodation.Assimilation——understandingnewexperiencesintermsofexistingschemes.Accommodation——modifyingexistingschemestofitnewsituations.U3HowVygotskyViewCognitiveDevelopmentsignsystem符号系统ZPD最近发展期self-regulation自我调节scaffolding支架教学1.ToVygotsky,howdidonedevelopcognitively?1.Developmentdependsonthesignsystemsthatindividualsgrowupwith.2.Cognitivedevelopmentisstronglylinkedtoinputfromothers.Itisaprocessoflearningfromothersandinternalizing.2.AccordingtoVygotsky’stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?1.Readingisveryimportantinchildren’sintellectualdevelopment;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要2.Imitationandcooperationisefficientwaysinchildren’sstudy;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式3.TeachingisfindingtheproperZPDofchildren;找到孩子的最近发展期4.Encourageprivatespeechesduringsolvingtasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语5.Teachthewayofdoingthingsinorderthatstudentscanknowhowtodo,notonlywhattodo.教会学生如何去做而不是做什么4.HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoVygotsky?Learningdependsontheprocessofself-regulationActionandsoundhaveameaningPracticeUsingsignstothinkandsolveproblemTOPIC4TheoryintoPractice1.MakeabriefcomparisonbetweenPiaget’sandVygotsky’stheories.Wheredotheyagreewitheachother?1.Childrenareactive.2.Trial-and-errorisalwaysawaytolearn.3.Facingchallengeswillimproveone’sdevelopment.4.Developingistoimproveone’swaysofthinking&solvingproblems.Wherearetheydifferent?1.Developmentdependsoninteractionwiththeenvironmentormorecompetenthumanbeings.2.LearningimprovesorDEPENDSONdevelopment.3.Cognitivestructureorsignsystems.4.Developmentbeginsfrombornabilityorsociety.5.Assimilation&accommodationorinternalization.WhatisinitforUS?1.Developmentisindependent.Nobodycantaketheplaceofanother.2.Activeinteractionwithothersisthemaincause.3.Adultscanhelpchildrenin2ways:givingthemchancestotry&handleerrors;andhelpingthemwhentheyreallyneed(ZPD).2.Whatcanwedoinclassteachingaccordingtotheirtheory?1.Itisnotagoodideatogetyourkidstositandlistenexceptreading.2.Makingchancestogetyourkidstodosomethingbythemselvesisalwayshelpful.3.Giveyourkidstasksindividuallyorinsmallgroupsifyoucan.ItisaproperwaytofindtheirZPDwherelearninghappens.4.Trytogiveopportunitiesforyourkidstotalkinwhichyouwillfindoutwhenandhowtohelp(scaffolding).3.Whenplanningtoteach,whatshouldweconsideraccordingtotheirideas?1.Whatcanthekidsdowiththeirhands?2.Whathavetheyknownaboutmycontent?3.CanImakethecontentintotasksforsmallgroups?4.WhatabilitiesofthekidscanIuseintheclass?5.Isitpossibletointroduceotherareasintothisclass?6.HowlongdoIplanforthekidstositandlistentome?7.Whatelsemaydrawthechildrenattention?TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearning（1）TheoreticalBasislearning学习extinction消失stimulus刺激classical经典条件反射conditioningLaboratory实验室operantconditioning操作性条件反射conditionedstimulus有条件刺激negative/positivereinforcer负强化/正强化unconditionedstimulus无条件刺激primary/secondreinforcer一级强化物二级强化物neutralstimulus无关刺激punishment惩罚shaping塑造一级强化物：满足人类的基本需求二级强化物：与一级强化物相联系1.Howcanweusereinforcementintheclassroom?1.Decidewhatbehaviorsyouwant;2.Tellthestudentswhatbehaviorsyouwant;3.Reinforcethewantedbehaviorsandtellthestudentswhy;4.Reinforceproperbehaviorsassoonaspossible;5.Getthestudentstojudgetheirownandtheirclassmates’behaviorsandtrytotellwhy.6.Makesuretoturnthemintonewhabits.2.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheusageofreinforcemen