2.chapter two

LanguageandCultureChapterTwoI.CulturalDifferencesandReader’sResponseintermsofFunctionalEquivalence.Languageexistsinculture.Indifferentcultures,eventhoughtheimageisthesame,theculturalconnotationsaredifferent.EugeneNida’sclassification1.Ecology生态学2.MaterialCulture物质文化3.SocialCulture社会文化4.ReligiousCulture宗教文化5.LinguisticCulture语言文化II.DifferentfeaturesaboutEnglishandChineseSyntheticvs.Analytic综合与分析Compactvs.Diffusive聚集与流散Hypotacticvs.Paratactic形合与意合Complexvs.Simplex复杂与简单Impersonalvs.Personal物称与人称Passivevs.Active被动与主动Staticvs.Dynamic静态与动态Abstractvs.Concrete抽象与具体Indirectvs.Direct间接与直接Substitutivevs.Repetitive替换与重复时代变了，像她这样一个经历了两种社会，大起大落，酸甜苦辣，极度变化的演员，一旦当她走出本来生活的小圈子，走出舞台，走进社会生活的深水里、激流中，以她异常敏感的眼睛、富有情感的心灵去观察生活、体验生活时，她发现那些纷至沓来的新鲜事物，根本来不及用电影来表现。Timechanged.Beinganactresswhohadexperiencedtwokindsofsocietiesandacareerfilledwithfreshtwistsandturns,shehadatasteofallflavorsofhumanstrivings.Asherperspectivebroadenedandshebegantomovebeyondthestage,thesmallcirclesheusedtobeconfinedto,shefoundherselfakeenobserverofwhatwasgoingonabouther.Newthingsranintoher,oneafteranother,sofastandfascinatingthatshedecidedsomethingmoreefficientthanmotionpicturewasneededtoconveyherreflectionsonlife.egNowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputerofwhichitformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicomputer.现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。Thisbookisquitebeyondme.Ifyouhaveacar,youareindependentoftrainsandbuses.Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditinothers.Ecologyallatseaburnone’sboatssailbeforethewindkeepone’sheadabovewaterspendmoneylikewater“…真是‘天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福’…”杨译：“…Truly,‘stormgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight’…”霍译：“…Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable’…”dog/wolf/dragonMaterialCulturebreakfast“…‘巧媳妇难为无米之炊’,叫我怎么办呢？杨译：“…Eventhecleveresthousewifecan’tcookamealwithoutrice.Whatdoyouexpectmetodo?…”霍译：“…Idon’tseewhatIamsupposedtodowithoutanycapital.Eventhecleveresthousewifecan’tmakebreadwithoutflour…”SocialCulture“开门红”、“眼红”toseeredtowavearedflagHeisarealblueblood.bebeatenblackandbluebluefilmsHarryistooyellowtoarresttheescapedprisoner.ReligiousCulture“谋事在人，成事在天”Manproposes,Heavendisposes.Manproposes,Goddisposes.“世人都晓神仙好”。Allmenlongtobeimmortals.Allmenknowthatsalvationshouldbewon.MilkyWaySyntheticvs.AnalyticSynthetic—(Form,language)inwhichgrammaticaldistinctionsarerealizedbyinflections.Analytic—(Form,language)inwhichseparatewordsrealizegrammaticaldistinctionsthatinotherlanguagesmayberealizedbyinflections.名词的数：将两种文化视为一体将两种文化各自视为一体twoculturestakenasawholetwoculturestakenaswholes动词的时态：他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没有什么感情可言了。Theylovedeachotherandthereisnolovelostbetweenthem.动词的语态：每场比赛他们都败在客队的手下。Ineverygame,theywerebestedbythevisitors.Hypotacticvs.Paratactic1.Chinese—parataxis(cohesion)chainconnection,moreverbsdescriptivelanguage2.English—hypotaxistreetrunkconnectionlogicallanguage她们妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见Ichancedtobepresentwhenthesister-in-lawwerehavingaquarrel.对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。Youhavelittlecausetomakeexcessivedemandsfromothersandmakeyourselfdisappointedinreturn.Itisnotthewinethatintoxicatesbutthedrinkerwhogetshimselfdrunk.酒不醉人人自醉Downylipsmakethoughtlessslips.嘴上没毛，说话/办事不牢。(end)Impersonalvs.PersonalHisbonhomieoftenbroughthimmanyfriend.他为人和善，因而朋友很多。Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.他开始变得惊恐万状。Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，听不见一点脚步声。世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena.北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。Beijinghaswitnessedmanygreathistoricalevents.Staticvs.DynamicScientificexploration,thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultsofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman.科学的探索、知识的追求，使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的实力。医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.Abstractvs.ConcreteOurveryanxietyisbornofourknowledgeofwhatisnowpossibleforeachotherandall.我们之所以焦虑不安是因为我们知道对每一个人，对所有人可能发生什么事。disintegration土崩瓦解perfectharmony水乳交融makealittlecontribution添砖加瓦lackofperseverance三天打鱼，两天晒网Ifeelsodepressedwefindourselvesrichingoods,butraggedinspirit;reachingwithmagnificentprecisionforthemoon,butfallingintoraucousdiscorddoomsdayonearth.我们物质丰富，但精神贫乏；我们以卓越的精确度登上了月球，但却陷入了地球末日般的一片混乱，对此我失望至极。Parataxis--Hypotaxis意合：(Parataxis)指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。形合:(Hypotaxis)指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）表达语法意义和逻辑关系。Heisawolf.ForChinese,wolfisafierce,wildanimal.Itstandsforcruelty,brutalityandferociousquality.Forwesternpeople,thesentencestandsforthemanwhocharmswomensoastousethemforhisownpleasure,aladykiller.Wolf-whistle:(n.)/(v.)HeraandtheMilkyWayexample“ThemythinvolvesHera,queenofthedeitiesonMountOlympus.SheisthewifeofZeus,bossoftheGreekpantheon.OneofZeus’smanyoffspringisHercules,wholikeJesushadamortalmother.TonourishHe