牛津高中英语语法1-4模块

1牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4）语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.[先行词关系代词定语从句2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.先行词关系代词定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用;1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg.ThisistheroomwhichIlivedinlastyear.先行词关系代词定语从句(三)：定语从句中有关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as.关系副词when,where,why等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=ofwhom\ofwhich人&物定语关系副词When=at\in\on\duringwhich时间状Where=at\in\towhich地点状Why=forwhich原因状that在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状Thisistheplacewherewework.（vi.）(关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt.)种类先行词关联词例句说明定语从句（人）在从句中做主语或宾语物在从句中做主语或宾语whowhichThisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slife.这就是救了孩子生命的医生。SheisthenewstudentwhomIwanttointroducetoyou.她就是我要介绍给你的新学生Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。ThenovelwhichTomboughtisveryinteresting.汤姆买的小说很有意思。Canyoulendmethemagazineaboutwhichyoutalkedyesterday?你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？who在从句中做主语whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whomwhich在从句中做主语。which充当宾语时可以省去。which做介词宾语不可省定语从句人或物的whoseTheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。Theprofessor,thedaughterofwhomteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.Thebikewhosebrakewasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。=Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepairedwhose在从句中做定语指某人的也可以用…ofwhom代替whose指物时也可以用…ofwhich代替whose人或thatThewomanthatisplayingthepianoisMissZhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。I’dliketoseethefilmsthatarejustonshow.我想看那些刚上映的电影。that指人做主语that指物做主语2种类先行词关联词例句说明物all,littlemuch和some,anyevery,no构成的合成代词人或物thatthatTheytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberintheschool.他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。I’lltellyouall(that)Iknowaboutit.我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？I’vebroughteverything(that)youneed.我把你需要的东西都拿来了。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。Thefirstplacethatwe’llvisitisBeijingLibrary.我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用who或which先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which,在从句中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who(whom)均可先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。定语从句人或物thatHeistheonlypersonthatisbelievable.他是唯一可靠的人。Johnistheverypersonthatshewantstosee.约翰正是她要见的人。WhoisthemanthatistalkingwithTom?正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？Whichofthebooksthatyouboughtiseasytoread?你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame等修饰时用关系代词that.当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that时间whenHecameatatimewhenwe.neededhimmost.他在我们最需要的时候来了。We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。在定语从句中作时间状语注：先行词是time,minute,moment,nexttime很少用关系副词when,可用that但通常省去。地点whereThisistheroomwhereheputupforthenight.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。在定语从句中作地点状语原因理由whyIknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.我知道她学习好的原因。在定语从句中作原因状语Thisistheplacewherework.（vi.）(关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt.)（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who(that)whom指物which(that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用that,why.作宾语可以省略不可用that,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句31．二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。Hehasabrotherwhoisaphysicist.Hehasabrother,whoisaphysicist.(只有一个)HereturnedallthebookswhicharewritteninEnglish.Hereturnedallthebooks,whicharewritteninEnglish.Iwillwearnoclotheswhichwillbeoutofordinary.Iwillwearnoclothes,whichwillbeoutofordinary.Themanwholivesnextdoorisadoctor.Mysister,wholivesnextdoor,isadoctor.I’msureIknowthepersonwhoservedme.Tom,whoservedus,istheowneroftherestaurant.Astudentwhostudieshardwillmakegoodprogress.Thestudent,wholivesfarfromschool,istheleaderoftheirfootballmatch.（六）关系代词that和which的区别1．只能用that的情况(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.Everythingthatwesawwasinteresting.I’minterestedineverythingthatIdon’tknow.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.(2)如果先等词被all,littlenoneany,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.例如：Ireadallthebooksthatyougavetome.ThisistheonlymoneythatIhaveinmypocket.AllthemoneythatwascollectedwasgiventotheHopeProject.(3)如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。ThisisthefirstbookthatwaswritteninEnglish.ThisisthelastfactorythatIvisited.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefunniestthingthatIeverheard.(4)如果先等词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.ThisistheonlybookthatIreallylike.Hewastheonlypersonintheofficethatwasinvitedtotheball.(5)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who,which.例如：Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.(6)who,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingthere?WhichofusthatknowsEnglishdoesn’tknowthis?whichofthenoveldoyoulikebest?(7)关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It