词汇学 第七章

英语词汇学课程课件课件名称：词义的演变制作人：于海江单位：运城学院外语系Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaningTeachingObjectives•Letstudentsunderstandandmastertypesofchangesinwordmeaning•GettoknowthecausesofchangesTeachingFocus•Causesofchanges•Typesofchanges:extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,transferenceofmeaning,euphemism.°Extra-linguisticfactors:historicalreason,classreason,psychologicalreason°Linguisticfactors:shortening,redivisionfromborrowing,analogy7.1TypesofChangeExtensionofMeaningNarrowingofMeaningElevationofMeaningDegradationofMeaningTransferenceofMeaningEuphemismExtensionofMeaning词义的扩大GeneralizationofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。Manuscript(original)Handwriting(writingbyhandonly)(手稿)(present)Anyauthor’swritingwhetherwrittenbyhandortypedwithatype-writeroraword-processor(原稿)Salary(original)asumofmoneygiventoRomansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt(政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱)(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees(薪水)1)Sheissuchaprettylittlething.2)Ihavetopackmythingsforthejourney.3)ThereisanotherthingIwanttoaskyouabout.4)Thatonlymakesthingsworse.5)Thethingis,canwefinishthejobintime?6)“Thing”whichusedtomean“apublicassembly”or“acouncil”inAnglo-Saxontimes,nowhasbecomeanall-purposeword.1)AlargeproportionofpolysemicwordsofmodernEnglishhavetheirmeaningsextendedsometimeinthecourseofdevelopment.Somewordsaregeneralizedtosuchadegreethattheycanmeanalmosteverything.Generalizationofmeaningisalsofoundinmanytechnicalterms,whichareconfinedtospecializeduse.allergic(original)toosensitivetomedicine患过敏症的(present)averseordisinclinedto反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)alegaltermsignifying“thepleathattheaccusedisnotattheplacewhenthecrimeiscommitted”(被告人不在犯罪现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口)3)Wordscommonizedfrompropernameshaveexperiencedthesameprocess.sandwichSandwichedbetweenthisdoorandawindowisagiantrefrigerator.Moreexamples:lynch,vandalThechangesinmeaningaregradual,andwordsarenotchangedinaday.Lady(thehostess---noblewoman---well-cultivatedwoman---woman)anoldladyorelderlyladyasalesladyacleaningladylady’sroomaladynovelistladyguestsNarrowingofMeaning词义的缩小Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。ExampleOriginalMeaningMeaningafterNarrowingmeatfood食物fleshofanimals肉diseasediscomfort不适illness疾病wifewoman妇女marriedwoman妻子accidentevent事件unfortunateevent事故1.Whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.•“theCity”means“thebusinesscenterofLondon”•“theProphet”standsfor“Mohammed”2.Foreconomy,somephrasesareshortenedandonlyoneelementoftheoriginal,usuallyanadjective,islefttoretainthemeaningofthewhole.Suchadjectiveshavethustakenonspecializedmeanings.ageneral=ageneralofficeraneditorial=aneditorialarticle3.Somematerialnounsareusedtorefertoobjectsmadeofthemandthushaveamorespecificsense.silversilverdollarglassacup-likecontaineroramirrorirondeviceforsmoothingclothesBothextensionandnarrowingofmeaningaretalkingaboutthechangesinconceptualmeaning.Nextwewilltalkaboutthechangesinassociativemeaning.ElevationofMeaning词义的升华Itistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。niceignorant---foolish---delightful,pleasantmarshalakeeperofhorses---ahighrankingarmyofficerconstableakeeperofhorses---apolicemanDegradationofMeaning词义的降格Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectiveneutralityfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示贬义的过程。sillyblessedandhappy---innocent----simpleorsimple-minded----foolishsadfull,satisfied,contented-----calm------serious----sorrowfulTransferenceofMeaning词义的转移DefinitionSomewordswhichwereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer,knownastransferenceortransferofmeaning.有些词原指称某些事物，后来发生变化，转为指称另外的事物，就是词义的转移。TypesoftransferenceAssociatedTransfer联想转移TransferBetweenAbstractandConcreteMeanings抽象含义与具体意义间的转移TransferBetweenSubjectiveandObjectiveMeanings主观意义和客观意义间的转移Synesthesia通感AssociatedTransfer联想转移Thisiswhatiscommonlyknownasfigurativeextensionofmeaning.e.g.Thelipofawound伤口的边缘ThetonguesoffireThefootofamountainTransferbetweenAbstractandConcreteMeanings抽象含义与具体意义间的转移AbstracttoconcretemeaningRoomformerlymeant“space”asin“Thereisnoroominthecar”.Nowithasdevelopedaconcretemeaningasin“Thisflathasthreerooms”.Moreexample:aftermath,ConcretetoabstractmeaningGrasp(original)Afirmholdwiththehandsandarms(present)ThepowerorabilitytounderstandTransferBetweenSubjectiveandObjectiveMeanings主观意义和客观意义间的转移Somewordswereformerlyusedsubjectivelybutlatershiftedtoanobjectiveuse,andt