Romanticism 5美国现实主义

WaltWhitmanOneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliteratureHegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem:LeavesofGrassI.Life1.HewasbornonMay31,1819inEstHillsfarmingcommunityonLongIsland,NewYork,hisparentswerepoorandsemiliterate.ThefamilymovedtoBrooklynin1823.Hehadafewyearsofschooling.Attheageof11,hebeganworkingasanofficeboyinalawfirm,learnedprinting,ateacher,ajournalist.2.Largelyself-taught,hereadvoraciously,becomingacquaintedwiththeworksofHomer,Dante,Shakespeare,andtheBible.3.WaltWhitmanwasoneofthemostimportantAmericanpoetsinthenineteenthcenturyandoneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.IntheprefacetohisLeavesofGrass,hesaysthatoneofhisfocusesisonthesortofpoetAmericarequiredandthesortofpoetryAmericaneeded.4.Hesawrealityasacontinuousflow,withoutabeginningorend.Hedislikedthenineteenth-centurypoeticformsthatarestiffandpatterned.MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrassareaboutmanandnature,especiallycommonpeopleandordinaryAmericans.5.Intheareaofpoeticform,Whitmanmadehisgreatcontributions.Throughhim,AmericanpoetsfinallyfreedthemselvesfromtheoldEnglishtraditions.ThroughouthislifeheadvocatedacompletelynewandcompletelyAmericanformofpoeticexpression.6.Thepoeticformheemployedisnowcalledfreeverse----theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.II.PoemAppreciationSongofMyselfInthePrefacetothe1855editionofLeavesofGrass,Whitmansays:“Theartofart,thegloryofexpressionandthesunshineofthelightoflettersissimplicity.Nothingisbetterthansimplicity.”“SongofMyself”ischaracterizedbysimplicityofsimplicity.Thesimplicityliesinthesimpleexpression—thewordingandthesentencingandthenaturalliningofthepoem.AndthePrefacesays,“Themessagesofgreatpoetstoeachmanandwomanare,…Whatweencloseyouenclose,Whatweenjoyyoumayenjoy.”“SongofMyself”issaturated[‘sætʃəreit]withtheprideofthepersonahimselfandwiththevehemenceoftheaudacityoffreedom.Andthepersona,thatis,the“I”inthepoem,isWaltWhitman,iseveryAmericanandiseveryhumanbeing.Thevehemenceofprideandaudacityflowsnotonlyinwords,butalsofromandinthesoundsofthelines,powerfulandtorrentiallinesburstingoutinsuccession.OhCaptain！MyCaptainWaltWhitmanOhCaptain!MyCaptain!Ourfearfultripisdone,Theshiphasweather'deveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon,Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring;ButOhheart!heart!heart!Ohthebleedingdropsofred!WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.OhCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;Riseup-foryoutheflagisflung-foryouthebugletrills,Foryoubouquetsandribbon'dwreaths-foryoutheshorescrowding,Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturing;Here,Captain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead;ItissomedreamthatonthedeckYou'vefallencoldanddead.MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill,Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill;Theshipisanchor'dsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone;Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;Exult,Ohshores!andring,Ohbells!ButI,withmourfultread,Walkthedeckmycaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.[1]啊，船长，我的船长哟哦．船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终，我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊，目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！哦．殷红的血滴流泻，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声，起来，——旌旗，为你招展——号角，为你长鸣。为你．岸上挤满了人群——为你，无数花束、彩带、花环。为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！你头颅下边是我的手臂！这是甲板上的一场梦啊，你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静，我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、没有生命，我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已告终，胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已赢得手中。欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟！可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。III.Abouthispoem1.Inhispoemsheextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.2.ThematicallyheextolledanemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness.3.Intechnicalterms,headdedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore.(freeverse)EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)I.life1.EmilyDickinsonwasbornintooneofAmherst,Massachusetts’mostprominentfamilieson10December1830.2.ShewasthesecondchildborntoEmilyNorcross(1804-1882)andEdwardDickinson(1803-1874),aYalegraduate,successfullawyer,TreasurerforAmherstCollegeandaUnitedStatesCongressman.II.EmilyDickinson’sPoetryEmilyDickinsonhadnoabstracttheoryofpoetry.ItisnotcertainifshewasfamiliarwiththepoetictheoriesofEdgarAllanPoe,Coleridge,Emerson,WhitmanandMatthewArnold.WheneditorThomasHigginsonaskedhertodefinepoetry,shegaveasubjective,emotionalresponse:“IfIreadabookanditmakesmywholebodysocoldnofirecaneverwarmme,Iknowthatispoetry.IfIfeelphysicallyasifthetopofmyheadweretakenoff,Iknowthatispoetry.ThesearetheonlywaysIknowit.Isthereanyotherway?”III.TheCharacterofHerVerse1.Highlycompressed,compact,shyofbeingexposed.2.Herstyleiselliptical---shewillsaynomorethanshemust---suggestingeitheraqualityofuncertaintyoroneoffinality.[fai'næliti]3.Herlyricsareherhighlysubjective.One-fifthofthembeginwith“I”---sheknowsnootherconsciousness.4.Ambiguityofmeaningandsyntax.WroteHigginson:“Shealmostalwaysgraspedwhatevershesought,butwithsomefractureofgra