6A416莎士比亚中英文简介

Shakespeare莎士比亚简介01陈露03冯蒙蒙24徐盼30周梦贤Shakespeare(1564~1616)theGreatRenaissancedramatist,poet,EuropeanRenaissancehumanismliteraturesynthesizer.莎士比亚（W.WilliamShakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。莎士比亚故居WilliamShakespearewasthesonofJohnShakespeare,analdermanandasuccessfulgloveroriginallyfromSnitterfield,andMaryArden,thedaughterofanaffluentlandowningfarmer.HewasborninStratford-upon-Avonandbaptisedthereon26April1564.Hisactualdateofbirthremainsunknown,butistraditionallyobservedon23April,SaintGeorge'sDay.Thisdate,whichcanbetracedbacktoan18th-centuryscholar'smistake,hasprovedappealingtobiographers,sinceShakespearedied23April1616.Hewasthethirdchildofeightandtheeldestsurvivingson.•Althoughnoattendancerecordsfortheperiodsurvive,mostbiographersagreethatShakespearewasprobablyeducatedattheKing'sNewSchoolinStratford,afreeschoolcharteredin1553,aboutaquarter-milefromhishome.GrammarschoolsvariedinqualityduringtheElizabethanera,butgrammarschoolcurriculawerelargelysimilar,thebasicLatintextwasstandardisedbyroyaldecree,andtheschoolwouldhaveprovidedanintensiveeducationingrammarbaseduponLatinclassicalauthors.Attheageof18,Shakespearemarriedthe26-year-oldAnneHathaway.TheconsistorycourtoftheDioceseofWorcesterissuedamarriagelicenceon27November1582.Thenextday,twoofHathaway'sneighbourspostedbondsguaranteeingthatnolawfulclaimsimpededthemarriage.Theceremonymayhavebeenarrangedinsomehaste,sincetheWorcesterchancellorallowedthemarriagebannstobereadonceinsteadoftheusualthreetimes,andsixmonthsafterthemarriageAnnegavebirthtoadaughter,Susanna,baptised26May1583.Twins,sonHamnetanddaughterJudith,followedalmosttwoyearslaterandwerebaptised2February1585.Hamnetdiedofunknowncausesattheageof11andwasburied11August1596.Thesuccessofwriting,sothatShakespearewontheshowmulberrymanagementforLord,Lordbecamehisprotector.Shakespeareintheearly90'shadhistwopoemVenusandAdonis,therapeofLucrecededicatedtotheLord,whoalsowrotethesonnetlord.写作的成功，使莎士比亚赢得了骚桑普顿勋爵的眷顾，勋爵成了他的保护人。莎士比亚在90年代初曾把他写的两首长诗《维纳斯与阿都尼》、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》献给勋爵，也曾为勋爵写过一些十四行诗。WiththehelpofLord,Shakespeareenteredthearistocraticculturesalonandmadehimhavedeepobservationandunderstandingtoupperclass,expandinghisvisionoflife,forhecreatedtoprovidearichsourceof.借助勋爵的关系，莎士比亚走进了贵族的文化沙龙，使他对上流社会有了观察和了解的机会，扩大了他的生活视野，为他日后的创作提供了丰富的源泉。莎士比亚葬地从1594年起，他所属的剧团受王公大臣的庇护，称为“宫内大臣剧团”。Thefirstperiod(1590~1600)第一时期Historicaldrama,comedy,9historicaldramas,10comediesand2tragedies.历史剧、喜剧为主，有9部历史剧、10部喜剧和2部悲剧。•9部历史剧中除《约翰王》是写13世纪初英国历史外，其他8部是内容相衔接的两个4部曲：《亨利六世》上、中、下篇与《查理三世》；《理查二世》、《亨利四世》（被称为最成功的历史剧）上、下篇与《亨利五世》。这些历史剧概括了英国历史上百余年间的动乱，塑造了一系列正、反面君主形象，反映了莎士比亚反对封建割据，拥护中央集权，谴责暴君暴政，要求开明君主进行自上而下改革，建立和谐社会关系的人文主义政治与道德理想。•The10comedycomedyoferrors,thetamingoftheShrew,thetwogent,loveinvain,AMidsummerNight'sdream,themerchantofVenice,theMerryWivesofWindsor,maketroubleoutofnothing,tothesatisfactionofallandTwelfthNighttolove,friendship,mostlymarriageasthetheme,theprotagonistisafewhumanewisdomandvirtueofyoungmenandwomen,throughtheirfreedom,happinessstruggle,progress,singgoodnewfreshair,butalsogentlytoexposeandridiculetheoldthingsdecayandugly,suchasasceticismvirtualcorrection,puritanicalhypocrisyandusurersavariciousandmeanwaitfor.•10部喜剧《错误的喜剧》、《驯悍记》、《维洛那二绅士》、《爱的徒劳》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《温莎的风流娘儿们》、《无事生非》、《皆大欢喜》和《第十二夜》大都以爱情、友谊、婚姻为主题，主人公多是一些具有人文主义智慧与美德的青年男女，通过他们争取自由、幸福的斗争，歌颂进步、美好的新人新风，同时也温和地揭露和嘲讽旧事物的衰朽和丑恶，如禁欲主义的虚矫、清教徒的伪善和高利贷者的贪鄙等。•Thisperioddramathebasicmoodisoptimistic,bright,fullofhumanisticidealtosolvesocialcontradictions,confidence,thatiswritteninthisperiodthetragicomedyRomeoandJuliet,wasfilledwiththecomedyatmosphere.Althoughtheherodiedsentimentalism,buttheidealsofloveoverdeath,inexchangeforareconciliationoffeudal.•这一时期戏剧创作的基本情调是乐观、明朗的，充满着以人文主义理想解决社会矛盾的信心，以致写在这一时期的悲喜剧《罗密欧和朱丽叶》中，也洋溢着喜剧气氛。尽管主人公殉情而死，但爱的理想战胜死亡，换来了封建世仇的和解。Thesecondperiod(1601~1607)第二时期•Intragedy,written3DepartmentoftheRomeopera,5tragediesand3darkcomedyorproblemplays.•以悲剧为主，写了3部罗马剧、5部悲剧和3部“阴暗的喜剧”或“问题剧”。•RomedramaJuliusCaesar,AnthonyandCleopatraPetraandCoryisbasedonPlutarchlanusRomeGreekheroeshistoricaldrama.•罗马剧《尤利乌斯·凯撒》、《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》和《科里奥拉努斯》是取材于普鲁塔克《希腊罗马英雄传》的历史剧。•FourtragediesHamlet,Othello,King,MikewhiteandtragedyTimonofAthensmarksoftheera,thelifeofthedeepthinking,strivetocreatetheneweraoftragichero.•四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》和悲剧《雅典的泰门》标志着作者对时代、人生的深入思考，着力塑造了这样一些新时代的悲剧主人公。•Thetragiccharacterwakingupfromamedievalprisonandignorance,inmoderndawnshines,aspiringtodeveloporimprovethemselves,butcannotovercomethelimitationsoftheirownageand,finallyinthesameenvironmentandinnerstrengthdisparitybetweenthehostileforcesinthestruggle,theinevitablefailureandsacrifice.•Hamletavengedthedeathofhisfatherandfoundwithalltimeoutofjoint,decidedtotakeuptheresponsibilityofreformingthecourse,theresultisjustgreatambitions,powerless.•KingLearinpowertobringhimglory,pride,self-confidenceinthenature,getcrazy,fantasytomakerightdividedcountrytoprovehimselfbecomeakinganddoanordinaryperson,canbethesameorgreater,andsufferedapainfulordeal.•这些悲剧人物从中世纪的禁锢和蒙昧中醒来，在近代黎明照耀下，雄心勃勃地想要发展或完善自己，但又不能克服时代和自身的局限，终于在同环境和内心敌对势力的力量悬殊斗争中，遭到不可避免的失败和牺牲