The Influence of Urban Form on Travel Behavior - L

TheInfluenceofUrbanFormonTravelBehavior:TheCaseofLocalShoppingSusanHandyCommunityandRegionalPlanningProgramUniversityofTexasatAustinTheCongressfortheNewUrbanism“Manyactivitiesofdailylivingshouldoccurwithinwalkingdistance…Interconnectednetworksofstreetsshouldbedesignedtoencouragewalking,reducethenumberandlengthofautomobiletrips,andconserveenergy.”InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance“..wethinktheincreasingdistancebetweenstoreandhouseholdandtheequallyrapidincreaseinabsenteeownershipofretailstores,posesathreattooursenseofcommunity.”AlternativeWaystoProvideLocalShoppingBuildingretailintonewresidentialdevelopmentsPreservingexistingretailintraditionalneighborhoodsRevitalizingunderutilizedretailstripsinsuburbanareasEx.PortlandMetro’sMainStreetHandbook“…mainstreetshelpdefineacommunitysothataneighborhoodorcitycandevelopauniqueidentitywithinalargerregionalcontext…mainstreetsaretremendouslyefficientinreducingtheamountofautomobiletrafficinthearea.”Ex.Chicago’sproposednewZoningOrdinance“Toenhanceneighborhoodqualityoflife,anewZoningOrdinanceshouldprovidemorelocationsforneighborhoodservices-likebakeries,banks,restaurantsanddrycleaners-withinreasonablewalkingdistancesfrompeople'shomesEx.ClevelandNDC’sRetailCommercialSupportandMainStreetInitiatives“Providesmemberswithacomprehensivetoolboxoftechnicalassistance,advocacy,resourceidentificationandtrainingopportunitiestohelpneighborhoodsstrengthentheirretailbase.”Ex.Norfolk,VA’sNeighborhoodCommercialProgram“…neighborhoodretailareashavebeendrainedofviablelocalmerchantswhohavecomeunderpressurefromchainoperators…Since1996,theCityhasspent$3.9milliontosupportrevitalizationofneighborhoodcommercialareas.”Doesitwork?Doeslocalshoppinghelptoreduceautomobiledependence?Doeslocalshoppinghelptoreduceautomobiledependence?Doresidentschooselocalshoppingovermoredistantopportunities?Doresidentschoosetowalkratherthandrivetolocalshopping?Whatfactorsinfluencethesechoices?Whataretheimplicationsforcartravel?UTStudy-ResearchDesignSelectionof6casestudyneighborhoods:2“traditional”2“earlymodern”2“latemodern”CharacterizationofurbanformSurveyofresidentsFocusgroupswithresidentsTraditional:OldWestAustinTraditional:TravisHeightsEarlyModern:CherrywoodEarlyModern:ZilkerLateModern:WellsBranchLateModern:TanglewoodUrbanFormSummaryTraditionalEarlyModernLateModernOWTHCWZKWBTWStoresw/in1/2mile2561742381684055Averagemilesto0.40.40.5n/a0.80.9neareststorePercentw/in1/282%46%50%n/a23%8%mileofstoreAveragemilesto0.40.90.6n/a0.90.9nearestfoodstoreTypesofstorespractical,specialtypractical,practical,practicalpracticalspecialtyregionalregionalTypesofshoppingmainmainarterialarterialarterialarterialareasstreetstreetstripstripnodenodeIssue1:UseofLocalShoppingWhatlocalbusinessesdoresidentsuse?Wheredoresidentsshopforfood?Whatfactorsinfluencethischoice?Whataretheimplicationsforcartravel?Whatlocalbusinessesdoresidentsuse?TraditionalEarlyModernLateModernOWTHCWZKWBTWPercentofResidentsUsingLocalBusinessFrequently?Grocery44%20%21%25%19%20%Supermarket24%32%46%31%44%55%DrugStore21%14%5%14%1%1%Restaurant11%28%10%17%14%6%DiscountStore3%11%22%20%13%12%HardwareStore1%4%3%3%3%22%Percentusingatleasttwo68%69%62%58%60%63%localbusinessesfrequentlyWheredoresidentsshopforfood?TraditionalEarly-ModernLate-ModernOWTHCWZKWBTWPercentnamingclosest31%43%26%n/a48%60%foodstoreasusualDifferentfoodstores3.02.73.33.22.52.4visitedin30daysPercentvisiting4ormorefoodstoresin30days36%26%46%42%20%18%Wheredoresidentsshopforfood?TraditionalEarly-ModernLate-ModernOWTHCWZKWBTWAveragetripsin30daysto?Supermarket4.17.811.28.49.813.0SmallGroceryStore4.00.71.31.40.50.9ConvenienceStore1.42.11.01.11.31.9DiscountWarehouse0.30.30.20.40.70.6CentralMarket1.91.21.81.20.50.5WholeFoods3.52.41.62.10.70.6Totalfoodtripsin30days15.214.417.114.613.517.4Supermarkettripsas%27%54%65%58%73%75%ofallfoodshoppingtripsWheredoresidentsshopforfood?“Therearelittlefill-ins…justhittheFreshPlus,nobigdeal.Forthebigweeklyloadandallthebasics,itwouldbeRandall’s…Thenifwearegoingtogetsomeproduce,nicemeats,orwhathaveyou,WholeFoodsorCentralMarket.”Whatfactorsinfluencethischoice?AverageFactorImportance0.01.02.03.04.05.0BestQualityProductsClosesttoHomePleasantAtmosphereWidestSelectionBestPricesShortestLinesFewestCrowdsEasiestParkingOnthewayhomeWhatfactorsinfluencethatchoice?“There’shardlyanybodythere,andthat’swhyIlikeit”“Thatparkinglotisuserfriendly”“Mywifeusesoursupermarketbecauseshesaysithaspersonality”“Mysupermarketplaysbettermusic!”Whataretheimplicationsfortravel?TraditionalEarly-ModernLate-ModernOWTHCWZKWBTWAveragenumberofsuper-4.17.811.28.49.813.0markettripsin30daysTotalmilesifalltripsto13.9414.0413.44n/a17.6423.4closestsupermarketActualtotalmilesforall22.021.228.0n/a38.038.0supermarkettripsPercentdifference58%51%108%n/a115%62%Whataboutmodechoiceforfoodtrips?TraditionalEarly-ModernLate-ModernOWTHCWZKWBTWUsualmodeforfoodshoppingtrips?Drive80%96%89%94%100%98%Walk19%2%5%3%0%2%Bike/Bus/Other0%2%7%3%0%1%Averagefoodshopping2.72.12.42.22.02.4tripsperweekAveragedrivingtripsfor2.22.02.12.02.02.3foodshop