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肺栓塞的影像学表现十堰市太和医院心内科詹中群超声心动图•排除威胁生命的其他疾病,如室间隔破裂、夹层主动脉、心包填塞等•对中央型肺动脉栓塞诊断有一定价值,经食道超声可探察到主肺动脉和左、右肺动脉,敏感性和特异性可达80~90%•主肺动脉或肺动脉分叉处可见栓子属少见情况。•栓子来源于心脏的肺栓塞,可直接观察到右心系统的血栓超声心动图•右心室壁局部运动幅度降低•右心室和(或)右心房扩大•室间隔左移和运动异常•近端肺动脉扩张•三尖瓣反流速度增快•下腔静脉扩张经食管超声心动图•对大块PE病例有92%的敏感性和接近100%特异性。–有三分之一的肺栓塞患者表现为正常•异常表现为–右心室扩大,肺动脉高压、下腔静脉扩张、室间隔向左心室移位超声心动图:心腔大小形态、心肌结构、瓣膜运动。超声心动图观察心脏解剖结构短轴切面:右室扩大,左室呈“D”形三尖瓣反流速度峰值4.8m/s,计算跨瓣压差为92mmHg,提示重度肺动脉高压超声心动图测三尖瓣反流速度McConnell'ssign下肢静脉超声胸部X线平片•异常率约占84%。–肺血管纹理变细、稀疏或消失–肺野局部浸润影–以胸膜为基底的实变影(Hampton’s隆起)–患侧膈肌抬高–胸腔积液–右下肺动脉干增宽或伴截断征–肺动脉段膨隆–右心室增大–上腔静脉增宽CT平扫•肺缺血性改变(肺窗),即肺纹理稀疏和肺透亮度升高•“马赛克”征(无特异性)•但如与肺动脉高压改变(中心肺动脉扩张及右心室增大)同时存在,则属于PE表现。CTA表现直接征象:•充盈缺损;•管腔突然狭窄;充盈缺损管腔突然狭窄CTA直接征象•腔内网格状改变和栓子钙化•实时3D成像显示肺动脉虫咬状完全闭塞和虫咬状不规则充盈缺损腔内网格状改变本例为2D成像CTA间接征象•1.肺少血征;•2.“马赛克”征;•3.胸腔积液;•4.右室增大伴/不伴室间隔偏移;•5.主肺动脉和/或右侧叶间肺动脉扩张;•6.支气管动脉扩张;•7.心包积液;•8.肺梗死。马赛克征肺少血征下肢血管CT•明确有无下肢静脉血栓及血栓范围。•CT胸痛三联征一站式检查embolism胸痛三联征之一心梗胸痛三联征之二肺栓塞胸痛三联症之三主动脉夹层(A)Ina77-year-oldwomanwithacutepulmonaryembolism,a4-chamber(4-CH)viewreconstructionofachestcomputedtomographyscanshowsseptalflattening(arrows).(B)Thereisalsograde4refluxofcontrastmediumintotheinferiorvenacava(longarrow)andproximalhepaticveins(shortarrows).Measurementsof(C)maximalrightventriculardiameter(RVD)and(D)leftventriculardiameter(LVD)onaxialsectionsshowRVDaxial/LVDaxialratioof0.98.Measurementsof(E)maximalRVDand(F)LVDon4-CHviewsshowRVD4-CH/LVD4-CHratioof1.12.Semiautomatedrightventriclevolumetry(RVV)(purple)andleftventriclevolumetry(LVV)(orange)displayed(G)onaxialsectionand(H)onsagittalreformationshowsRVV/LVVratioof1.62.Thepatientrequiredmechanicalventilationonthefirstdayofherhospitalstayanddiedonday28.(A)Ina69-year-oldmanwithacutepulmonaryembolism,a4-chamber(4-CH)viewreconstructionofachestcomputedtomographyscanshowsseptalbowing(arrows),convextowardtheleftventricle.(B)Thereisnocontrastrefluxintotheinferiorvenacava.Measurementsof(C)maximalrightventriculardiameter(RVD)and(D)leftventriculardiameter(LVD)onaxialsectionsshowRVDaxial/LVDaxialratioof0.97.Measurementsofmaximal(E)RVDand(F)LVDon4-CHviewsshowRVD4-CH/LVD4-CHratioof1.4.Semiautomatedrightventriclevolumetry(RVV)(purple)andleftventriclevolumetry(LVV)(orange)displayed(G)ontransversesectionand(H)oncoronalreformationshowanRVV/LVVratioof1.54.Thepatientdiedonhospitalday4.肺部放射性核素扫描•放射性核素扫描(通气-灌注显像):单纯的肺灌注扫描对诊断肺栓塞相当敏感,如果正常可排除明显的肺栓塞。内径大于3.0mm的肺动脉栓塞时,肺扫描结果全部异常;•内径2.1-3.0mm者92%异常;内径≤2.0mm者是否异常不确定肺栓塞患者肺灌注显像影(异常)肺栓塞患者肺通气显像影(正常)肺栓塞灌注显像与通气显像图•肺通气显像与肺灌注显像不匹配(mismatch)•灌注显像正常可排除肺栓塞肺动脉造影•敏感性98%,特异性95-98%主要征象–血管内不规则充盈缺损–血管树修剪征–造影剂排空延迟•间接征象–造影剂流动缓慢,局部低灌注,静脉回流延迟肺栓塞介入治疗溶栓球囊扩张术后右侧肺动脉栓塞治疗前肺栓塞介入治疗右下肺动脉栓塞治疗前溶栓治疗后
本文标题:APE的影像学检查
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