法律的整全性

自然法德沃金楊智傑老師德沃金•RonaldDworkin,QC,FBA(bornDecember11,1931)isanAmericanlegalphilosopher,currentlyprofessorofJurisprudenceatUniversityCollegeLondonandtheNewYorkUniversitySchoolofLaw,andformerprofessorofJurisprudenceattheUniversityofOxford.法律的整全性•Heisknownforhiscontributionstolegalphilosophyandpoliticalphilosophy.Histheoryoflawasintegrityisoneoftheleadingcontemporaryviewsofthenatureoflaw.名詞區分•規則（rule）:法實證主義•政策（policy）：功利主義法學•原則（principles）TakingRightsSeriously•Whatislaw?Whatisitfor?Howshouldjudgesdecidenovelcaseswhenthestatutesandearlierdecisionsprovidenoclearanswer?Dojudgesmakeupnewlawinsuchcases,oristheresomehigherlawinwhichtheydiscoverthecorrectanswer?Musteveryonealwaysobeythelaw?Ifnot,whenisacitizenmorallyfreetodisobey?TakingRightsSeriously•Arenownedphilosopherentersthedebatesurroundingthesequestions.Clearlyandforcefully,RonaldDworkinarguesagainsttherulingtheoryinAnglo-Americanlaw-legalpositivismandeconomicutilitarianismandassertsthatindividualshavelegalrightsbeyondthoseexplicitlylaiddownandthattheyhavepoliticalandmoralrightsagainstthestatethatarepriortothewelfareofthemajority.規則與原則•1889年紐約州法院的繼承案件•一個人為了繼承殺死其祖父•規則：可以繼承•原則：任何人不應從自己的錯誤中得利•法實證主義認為，欠缺規則時，法官有自由裁量權•德沃金認為：法官必須參考原則，來做出正確決定政策和原則•政策–政策是綜合性的，促進或保護社會的某重集體目標–目標•原則–原則是分配性的，是尊重和保障個人和集團的權利–權利•反對法官造法的理由–法官不是選舉產生–法官造法，則是創造新法適用於舊情況批判哈特•Mr.Dworkincriticizesindetailthelegalpositivists'theoryoflegalrights,particularlyH.L.A.Hart'swell-knownversionofit.Hethendevelopsanewtheoryofadjudication,andappliesittothecentralandpoliticallyimportantissueofcasesinwhichtheSupremeCourtinterpretsandappliestheConstitution.建構性的解釋理論•DworkinismostfamousforhiscritiqueofHart'slegalpositivism;hesetsforththefulleststatementofhiscritiqueinhisbookLaw'sEmpire.•Dworkin'stheoryis'interpretive':thelawiswhateverfollowsfromaconstructiveinterpretationoftheinstitutionalhistoryofthelegalsystem.法律的道德原則：法律的整全性•Dworkinarguesthatmoralprinciplesthatpeopleholddearareoftenwrong,eventotheextentthatcertaincrimesareacceptableifyourprinciplesareskewedenough.Inordertodiscoverandapplytheseprinciples,courtsinterpretthelegaldata(legislation,casesetc)withaviewtoarticulatinganinterpretationwhichbestexplainsandjustifiespastlegalpractice.Allinterpretationmustfollow,Dworkinargues,fromthenotionoflawasintegrityinordertomakesense.法律帝國•慣例主義（conventionalism）就是法實證主義•實用主義（pragmatism）•法律的整全性（lawasintegrity）疑難案件•Outoftheideathatlawis'interpretive'inthisway,Dworkinarguesthatineverysituationwherepeople'slegalrightsarecontroversial,thebestinterpretationinvolvestherightanswerthesis.Dworkinopposesthenotionthatjudgeshavesuchadiscretionindifficultcases.海克力斯：尋找唯一正確答案•OneofDworkin'smostinterestingandcontroversialthesesstatesthatthereisonlyonerightanswerformostlegalcases.DworkinusesthemetaphorofjudgeHercules,anidealjudge,immenselywiseandwithfullknowledgeoflegalsources.Hercules(thenamecomesfromaclassicalmythologicalhero)wouldalsohaveplentyoftimetodecide.法律是無漏洞的網•Actingonthepremisethatthelawisaseamlessweb,Herculesisrequiredtoconstructthetheorythatbestfitsandjustifiesthelawasawhole(lawasintegrity)inordertodecideanyparticularcase.Hercules,Dworkinargues,wouldalwayscometotheonerightanswer.德沃金平等權理論•一，德沃金主張，政府對所有公民的命運應展現「平等關懷」（equalconcern）[1]。•二，政府必須遵守他所謂的倫理上的平等重要原則（principleofequalimportance），亦即，在目標上，人類生命是成功而非浪費，是很重要的；而這一點，在目標上，對每一個人類生命來說都一樣重要[2]。•德沃金認為，自由主義平等所要求的，乃是「資源的平等」，亦即提供人民大略相等（也許有點不同）的工具，讓他們去追求不同的人生計畫。他認為這種平等，可讓個人為了自己之偏好、企圖負個人責任，並審慎管理個人事務（與條件或福利之平等不同），但可矯正個人無法控制的環境或條件，例如個人與生俱來或社會賦予能力的不平等（與機會平等不同）[3]。[1]RonaldDworkin,SovereignVirtue:TheTheoryandPracticeofEquality1(2000)•[2]Dworkin,SovereignVirtue,supranote104,at5.•[3]Dworkin,SovereignVirtue,supranote104,at65-119,11-64.人權：每個人得到平等尊敬與關懷•ThroughananalysisofRawls'stheoryofjustice,hearguesthatfundamentalamongpoliticalrightsistherightofeachindividualtotheequalrespectandconcernofthosewhogovernhim.Heoffersatheoryofcompliancewiththelawdesignednotsimplytoanswertheoreticalquestionsaboutcivildisobedience,buttofunctionasaguideforcitizensandofficials.自由與平等是相容的•Finally,ProfessorDworkinconsiderstherighttoliberty,oftenthoughttorivalandevenpreemptthefundamentalrighttoequality.Hearguesthatdistinctindividuallibertiesdoexist,butthattheyderive,notfromsomeabstractrighttolibertyassuch,butfromtherighttoequalconcernandrespectitself.Hethusdeniesthatlibertyandequalityareconflictingideals.平等權理論•Dworkinhasalsomadeimportantcontributionstowhatissometimescalledtheequalityofwhatdebate.InafamouspairofarticlesandhisbookSovereignVirtueheadvocatesatheoryhecalls'equalityofresources'.Thistheorycombinestwokeyideas.Broadlyspeaking,thefirstisthathumanbeingsareresponsibleforthelifechoicestheymake.平等權理論•Thesecondisthatnaturalendowmentsofintelligenceandtalentaremorallyarbitraryandoughtnottoaffectthedistributionofresourcesinsociety.LiketherestofDworkin'swork,histheoryofequalityisunderpinnedbythecoreprinciplethateverypersonisentitledtoequalconcernandrespectinthedesignofthestructureofsociety.Dworkin'stheoryofequalityisonevarietyofso-calledluckegalitarianism.