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美国矿区土地复垦LandReclamationInOpencastMiningArea魏忠义教授,博士生导师Email:drweizy@163.com沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院2011-04Dalian工矿区土地复垦概念•Landreclamation/土地恢复/土地复垦;生态恢复;环境恢复。•土地复垦条例定义:是指对生产建设活动和自然灾害损毁的土地,采取整治措施,使其达到可供利用状态的活动。[土地复垦是指对在生产建设过程中因挖损、塌陷、压占、污染等造成破坏的土地或因自然灾造成破坏的土地,采取恢复整治措施,使其达到可供利用状态或恢复生态环境的活动。]•工矿区土地与环境破坏情况较为复杂和特殊,往往涉及土地、生态、环境等多方面的综合恢复目标。国内外土地复垦•美国1977年实施了《露天采矿管理与复垦法》SMCRA,1977,并建立了专门复垦管理机构,直属内政部管理。•实行采矿许可证和复垦保证金制度,之后的新采矿山废弃地要求全部恢复,对法案实施前的老矿区由政府逐年预算拨款复垦。•其技术与管理模式值得深入研究和借鉴。•世界各国都十分重视矿区生产建设破坏土地的复垦,美国、俄罗斯、加拿大、捷克等国土地复垦率都在50%以上,特别是美国早在20世纪70年代复垦率就已达78%以上。•在这个过程中复垦研究投入也功不可没,例如2005年美国内政部用于土地复垦研究示范的资金1.4亿美元,形成了较为成熟的复垦模式。•由于国情不同,矿区土地复垦利用模式有所不同,各有特色。•我国规模性的土地复垦始于上世纪80年代初,1988年《土地复垦规定》颁布1989年实施是土地复垦走上法制化阶段的标志,至今30年来我国土地复垦研究与实践发展迅速,但仍与先进国家有较大差距,目前复垦率14%,仍然较低,复垦质量较差,土地复垦任务还相当繁重。•例如在辽宁省,“十五”期间各类型矿山复垦面积达到1880.67hm2(2.82万亩,年均0.56万亩),虽然成绩显著,但这还不及目前辽宁省采煤年破坏土地面积的1/2。•我国人多地少,耕地后备资源不足,经济社会的快速发展对矿产资源需求迅速增加,土地和生态环境将面临更大压力。•矿区废弃地的复垦利用具有显著的经济、生态和社会等多方面效益。矿山开发带来的土地生态环境问题日益引起公众的关注,政府相关部门和矿山企业越来越重视矿区土地复垦工作。•国家经济发展和可持续发展战略给矿区土地复垦带来新的历史机遇,目前我国土地复垦正面临一个新的发展阶段。Miningandreclamationslideshowpresentation----------------------------------------------------------------------Wehaveselected10photosthatshowminingandreclamationacrossthecountry.Thisupdatedpresentationillustratesseveralstepsintheminingandreclamationprocess.ChuckMeyers,OfficeofSurfaceMining.ThislargeTexasmineisextractinglignitecoal.Thedraglineatthefarendofthepitisremovingtheoverburdentoexposethecoal.Theoverburdeniscastacrossthepittotherightsideofthephotowherereclamationwillbegin.ModernsurfacemineTheoverburdenthatisremovedtoexposethecoalseamisamixtureofbrokenrock.Ifleftexposed,rainwaterwillerodethefineparticlesandcausesedimentationofstreamsandrivers.Reclamationbeginsbyregradingtheoverburdentotheapproximateoriginalcontourofthelandbeforemining.OverburdenThecoalhasbeenremovedfromtheflatforegroundareaatthisEasternKentuckysurfacemine.Thisisacontourminethatfollowstheseamofcoalaroundthehillside.TheSurfaceMiningLawrequiresmineoperatorstoreclaimtheminesiteandcompletelycoverthehighwall.AnexposedhighwallReclamationatthismineiswellunderway.Overburdenhasbeengradedtocompletelycoverthehighwallandtopsoilhasbeenspreadonthesurface.Thisreclamationfollowscloselybehindtheminingoperationandiscompletedinsectionsastheminingprogressesaroundthehillside.ReclaimingthehighwallHydro-seedingHydro-seedingisfrequentlyusedtoreestablishvegetationonreclaimedland.Theblue-greenliquidthatisbeingsprayedonthetopsoilcontainsgrassseed,fertilizer,andabindingmaterialthatwillholdthesoilandpreventerosionuntiltheplantsbecomeestablished.Thelandowneratthisreclaimedminesitehasplantedanappleorchard.Miningoperationsareonlyatemporaryuseoftheland.Whenproperlyreclaimedminesitesaresuitableforalltheusestheywerebeforeminingoccurred.ReclaimedminelandThisscene,typicaloftheSouthernIndianacountrysidewasrecentlyanactiveminesite.Immediatelyaftermining,thelandwasreturnedtoactivefarmingandtodayitisdifficulttodistinguishfromthesurroundingunminedareas.ReclaimedfarmlandThismineopening,orentryportal,inEasternPennsylvaniawasabandonedintheearly1900's.Todayalargequantityofacidminedrainageflowsfromtheopenportalpollutingriversmanymilesdownstream.AbandonedmineproblemThisisareclaimedabandonedmineentryportalinWestVirginia.Rockwaspushedinandaroundtheopeningandtheentireareacoveredwithtopsoilandgrassplanted.Thepipeinstalledunderthefillensuresthatwatercollectingintheminedoesnotbuildupbehindtherockclosureandwashitout.ReclaimedmineopeningThispastoraleWestVirginiasceneisareclaimedabandonedmine.Usingmoneypaidbyactiveminingoperators,reclamationatthissiteeliminated6,000linearfeetofhighwall,andsealedfourmineopenings.Reclaimedmineproblems
本文标题:美国矿区土地复垦dl
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