古汉语英译

古汉语英译EnglishTranslationofSelectiveChineseClassics古今汉语之主要不同1.词汇《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》“讽”≠讽刺=规劝《出师表》“先帝不以臣卑鄙”卑鄙=肮脏、龌龊？“卑”=出身低下；“鄙”=见识浅薄2句子结构“汲黯是魏其”：汲黯认为魏其侯是对的。“当谁使告汝”：应该派谁告诉你。“时不我待”：时光不等人。文言英译者应具备的条件1理解原文2掌握译文3熟悉相关翻译技巧4知识面广古文英译的基本技巧1增词减词(amplificationandomission)小惠未遍，民弗从也。Ifyoucannotmakeyoursmallkindnessreachallthepeople,andtheywillnotfollowyou.夜闻汉军四面楚歌。DuringthenightXiangYuheardtheHanarmiesallabouthimsingingtheChusongs–hewasalreadyexposedtoattackonallsides.AGreektoRememberDiogeneswasafamousGreekphilosopherofthefourthcenturyB.C.,whoestablishedthephilosophyofcynicism.Heoftenwalkedaboutinthedaytimeholdingalightedlantern,peeringaroundasifhewerelookingforsomething.Whenquestionedabouthisoddbehavior,hewouldreply,“Iamsearchingforanhonestman”.２词序调整(inversion)苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。Anything,ifitdoesnotbelongtous,wecannottake.西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍，此非孟德之困于周郎者乎？Andisn’tthistheplacewhereCaoCaowasbesiegedbyZhouYu?Seehowthehillsandstreamsintertwine,andhowdarklygreenandimposingtheyarewithXiakoutothewestandWuchangtotheeast.山行六七里，渐闻水声潺潺，而泻出于两峰之间者，酿泉也。Whenpeoplewalkamileortwointothismountain,theybegintohearwatergurglingfromastream–theBrewer’sSpring,whichcomesintosightcascadingbetweentwopeaks.３分合句式(division)多行不义必自毙，子姑待之。Ifpeopledomanydeedsofunrighteousness,theywillbringdestructiononthemselves.Ifyouwait,youwillseeit.孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也”。吾尝疑乎是。今以蒋氏观之，犹信。IusedtodoubtwhatConfuciussaid“Cruelgoverningisevenmoreferociousthantigers”,butJiang’scaseconvincesmeofthetruthcontainedinConfucius’swords.４正说反译(negation)是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。Thereforeanybodywhoknowsthetruth,beheolderoryounger,highorlowinsocialposition,canbeateacherteachingthosewhodon’t.不以物喜，不以己悲；居庙堂之高，则忧其民；处江湖之远，则忧其君。Theydonotfeelhappyonlybecauseoftheirsurroundings’beauty,donotfeelsadbecauseoftheirownsetbackseither.Whensuchpeoplearehighinthegovernmentoratcourt,theirfirstconcernisfortheordinarypeople;whentheyretiretodistantareasofstreamsandlakes,theirfirstconcernisfortheirsovereign.５语态变换(thechangeofvoice)呜呼！士穷乃见节义。Alas!Aperson’svirtuecanbeseenclearlyinadversityalone.悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。Ihavecometoknowthatthepastcannotbecorrectednow,butthefutureistobestrivenfor.６词类转换(conversion)衣食所安，佛敢专也，必以分人。Idonotdaretomonopolizethethingslikeclothesanfood,andIregarditasamusttosharethemwithotherpeople.夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之。Thevictorieswoninallbattlesdependoncourageousspirit.Thefirstdrumbeatexcitedspirit.Theseconddrumbeatbroughtaboutadiminutionofthespirit.Thethirddrumbeatmadethespiritexhausted.Withourspiritatthehighestpitchweattackedtheenemieswiththeirspiritexhausted,andsoweconqueredthem.古文词义修辞格之英译1.比喻的英译君子之德,风也；小人之德，草也；草上之风，必偃。（《孟子∙藤文公上》）Therelationbetweensuperiorsandinferiorsislikethatbetweenthewindandgrass.Thegrassmustbend,whenthewindblowsuponit.煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣；本是同根生，相煎何太急？（曹植《七步诗》）Peopleburnbeanstalkstoboilbeans,thebeansinthepotcryout.Bornastheyareoftheselfsameroot,whyshouldtheytormenteachothersomuch?2借代的英译黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。（陶渊明《桃花源记》）Theagedandtheadolescentallenjoyedthemselvesinblissfulease.彼采葛兮，一日不见，如三月兮。彼采萧兮，一日不见，如三秋兮。彼采艾兮，一日不见，如三岁兮。（《诗∙王风∙采葛》）Shegoestogathervine.WhenIdonotseeher,onedayseemslongerthanthreemonths.Shegoestogatherreed.Togathervinegoesshe/ImissherwhomIdonotsee/onedayseemslongerthanmonthsthree//Togatherreedgoesshe/ImissherwhomIdonotsee/onedayseemslongasseasonsthree.//Togatherherbsgoesshe/ImissherwhomIdonotsee/onedayseemslongerthanyearsthree.3夸张的英译白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。（李白《秋浦歌》）Mywhiteninghairwouldmakealonglongrope,yetcouldnotfathomallmydepthofwoe.增之一分则太长，减之一分则太短。著粉则太白，施朱则太赤。（宋玉《登徒子好色赋》）Increasedforoneinch,shewouldbetoolong;decreasedforoneinch,shewouldbetooshort.Powderpatchedontheface,shewouldbetoowhite;vermiliononthelips,theywouldbetoored.亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。FortheidealthatIholddeartomyheart,Idon’tregretathousandtimestodie.张璐译I’dbewillingtodieninetimesforwhatmyconscienceholdstrue,goodanddear.I’dbewillingtodieninetimesforwhatmyconscienceholdstrue,goodanddear.4双关的英译杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上踏歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。（刘禹锡《竹枝词》）Betweenthewillowsgreentheriverflowsalong,Mybelovedinaboatisheardsingingasong.Thewestisveiledinrain;theeastbasksinsunshine,Mybelovedisasdeepinloveasthedayisfine.千锤万凿出深山，烈火焚烧若等闲；粉身碎骨全不怕，要留青白在人间。（于谦《石灰吟》）Hammeredandhewedathousandtimesfrommountainsremote,Youmakelightofbeingburntinablazingfire.Youdon’tfeartohaveyourbodysmashedtopieces,Seekingonlytoleaveintheworldyourpurityentire.5委婉的英译寂寂花时闭院门，美人相并立琼轩。含情欲说宫中事，鹦鹉前头不敢言。（朱庆馀《宫中词》）Nowthatthepalace-gatehassoftlyclosedonitsflowers.Ladiesfileouttotheirpavilionofjade,Abrimtothelipswithimperialgossip,Butnotdaringtobreatheitwithaparrotamongthem.谁知凤姐之女大姐儿病了，正乱着请大夫诊脉。大夫说：“替太太奶奶们道喜，姐儿发热是见喜了，并非别症”。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》）ItwassohappenedthatXifeng’sdaughterDajiewasill,sothehouseholdwasupsidedown.Adoctorhadjustbeensummonedandafterexaminingthechildheannounced:“I’mhappytoinformHerLadyshipandMadamthatthelittlegirl’sfeverissimplyduetosmallpox”.6.引用的英译丹青不知老将至，富贵于我如浮云。（杜甫《丹青引》）Absorbedinpainting,youknownotoldiscoming;indeed,“tomewealthandrankarelikecloudsscudding”.宝玉笑道：“古人云，‘千金难买一笑’，几把扇子，能值几何？”“Youknowtheancientsaying”,putinPao-yu,“Athousandpiecesofgoldcanhardlypurchaseasmile”.Andwhatareafewfansworth?7.诗歌翻译的押韵雨霖铃柳永寒蝉凄切。对长亭晚，骤