谷类-豆类耕作系统的可持续性发展

SustainableIntensificationofCereal-LegumeFarmingSystemsintheSudano-SahelianSavannaZoneofGhanaA.YKamaraSystemsAgronomistIITA-KanoSustainableIntensificationofCereal-basedFarmingSystemsintheSudano-SahelianZoneofWestAfrica:ProjectDesignWorkshop,Tamale,Ghana,9-12January2012Introduction•ThenorthernRegionsofGhanaarecharacterizedbysmalllandholdingsoflowinput-outputfarmingsystems•Thisadverselyimpactfoodsecurityintermsofavailability,accessandquality•ThecropsintheGhanasavannasareoftenproducedinproductionsystemsinwhichsoilnaturalresourcesaresteadilydepletedEffectsofcontinousmonocropping•decreasingsoilorganicmattercontents•increasingpopulationsofchronicparasiticweeds(eg.Strigaspp.)•reducedsoilbiologicaldiversity•enhancedriskoferosion,andannualnutrientlosses•Averageon-farmmaizeyields(1-2t/ha)arewellbelowon-stationyields(6-8t/ha)HighlightsofbiophysicalconstraintsStrigaeffectonsorghumStrigaeffectonmaizeStrigaeffectoncowpeaStrigaeffectonriceHighlightsofbiophysicalconstraintsAlectraeffectoncowpeaStrigaeffectoncowpeaDroughteffectonmaizeDroughteffectonsoybeanHighlightsofbiophysicalconstraintsHighlightsofbiophysicalconstraintsPoorsoilfertilityEffectsofcontinousmonocropping•ThepovertyprofilealsodepictsthethreenorthernregionsasthemostpovertystrickenandhungerspotsinGhana•Genderinequalitiesarealsoapparentintheseregionswherewomenhavelessaccesstoresourcesandcapacitytogenerateincome•Infrastructuredevelopmentinmarketingandtransport,accesstosocialservices,suchaseducationandhealtharepoorinthethreenorthernregionsDriversofFoodinsecurityinnorthernGhana•Erraticrainfalldistributionandrecurrentdrought,•Floodsandcropfailuresleadingtopooryields,•Highpost-harvestlosses,•Lackofimprovedstoragestructuresandmarketforfarmproduce,•Limitedaccesstoproductiveresourcessuchasland,irrigableland,labour,•Pooraccesstoimprovedlivestockbreedsandcropvarieties,•Inadequatewaterfordryseasonirrigatedagriculture•Inadequatehumanresourcefordevelopmentandtransferofagriculturaltechnologies.GeneralObjectiveoftheProject•Increaseproductivityofmaize-legumeandcrop/tree/livestocksystemsintheSudansavannazoneofGhanaSpecificObjectives•Promoteandstrengthenpartnershipsforimplementingsustainableinitiativesinthemaize-legumesystemsofnorthernGhana•Improveland,water,andnaturalresourcemanagementforincreasedsystemsproductivity•Developandimprovetheadoptionofproductiveandresilientagronomicpracticesandlocalinnovationsystemsforsystemintensification•Improveruralincomesthroughimprovedmarketlinkagesforruralfarmers•ImprovenutritionalstatusofpopulationsimprovedthroughincreasednutritionalawarenessinterventionsandpromotionofdietarydiversityGeographicalFocus•NorthernRegion-Karaga,Cheroponi,andTolon-Kumbungu•UpperWestRegion-Kassena-NankanaandBawkuWest•UpperEastRegion-WaEastandNadowliProjectoutputs•Functionalinnovationplatform(IPs)operatingwithcapacityofpartnersstrengthenedatdifferentlevelstoresolvecommunityproblems•Land,water,andnaturalresourcemanagementtechnologiesidentifiedandpromoted•Improvedcroppingsystemsforsustainableagriculturalproductivityidentifiedandpromotedamongsmallholderfarmers•Improvedruralincomesthroughimprovedinput-outputmarketingforsmallholderfarmers•NutritionalstatusofpopulationsimprovedthroughincreasednutritionalawarenessinterventionsandpromotionofdietarydiversityFunctionalinnovationplatform(IPs)operatingwithcapacityofpartnersstrengthenedatdifferentlevelstoresolvecommunityproblems•Identificationofdistrictsandcommunitiestoparticipateinprojectactivities•IdentificationofpotentialIPpartners•Workshopstoagreemodalities,procedures,responsibilities,tasksandinteractionamongIPmembers•Undertakecommunityandlivelihoodanalysistoidentifyandpriortizeconstraintsandopportunities•MonitorIPactivitiesandreviewprotocols•Identifytrainingneedsofprojectstakeholdersandconducttrainingasneeded•ProvidegraduatetrainingformembersofresearchinstitutionsparticipatingintheprojectLand,water,andnaturalresourcemanagementtechnologiesidentifiedandpromoted•Evaluateimpactsofsoilandwaterconservationstrategiesonsystemproductivitycomparedtotraditionalculturalpractices•Assesstheperformanceoftreecropswithfertilizerrations,fodderandfruittreespecies•GenerateinformationonsoilhealthandthekeytreecropsforfoodsecurityandCDMprojects•Developknowledgeandoptionsforgrowthresourcessharingbetweenannualandperennialcomponentsinagroforestrysystems•Assessthepotentialofsurfaceandgroundwaterpumpirrigationfordryseasonfarmingandsupplementalirrigation•IdentifytheactualandpotentialspatialspreadofpumpirrigationpracticesalongmajorriversinthethreeNorthernRegionsLand,water,andnaturalresourcemanagementtechnologiesidentifiedandpromoted•Evaluateoptionsoflandusechangesandlandmanagementpracticeswhichwouldpreventlanddegradation,•Identifyapproachesandtechnologiesneededtoimproverainwaterharvestinganduse•Identifyandevaluatemodelsforconductingwaterbalanceestimatesatwatershedscalesinstudysites•Determinethepotentialincreasesincropyieldsattainablethroughimprovedrainwaterharvestingandsupplementalirrigation•SelectbestvarietiesofsoybeanforhighN2-fixationcapacityandadaptatio