(天然药物化学)

1NATURALMEDICINALCHEMISTRY（天然药物化学）EXPERIMENTALGUIDENCE【实验指导书（内容选编）】ChiefEditor:ProfessorRongminYu(于荣敏教授)Editors:ChunyanYan(严春艳)GuoyanDuan(段国艳)JinanUniversityCollegeofPharmacy(暨南大学药学院)March20072PREFACENaturalmedicalchemistryexperimentisanimportantpartofnaturalmedicalchemistrycourse.Themainpurposeisto:1通过实验，了解学生在课堂上所学的基本理论知识的理解和掌握情况，并进一步加深学生对理性知识的理解和掌握。Tograsptheconditionofapprehensionandprehesionthatstudentslearnbasictheoryinclassbyexperiments.What’smore,todeepenapprehensionandprehensionofstudents’rationalknowledge.2通过实验，训练学生的基本操作技能，培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力，使学生获得从事天然药物化学科研工作的基本训练。Totrainfundamentalmanipulativeskillsofstudentsandcultivatetheirabilitiestoanalyzeandsolveproblems,attainingtoletthemgetbasicexercisesofresearchingonnaturalmedicalchemistry.3天然药物化学实验要求学生掌握以下技能：Theexperimentalclassofnaturalmedicalchemistryrequiresstudentstograspthefollowingskills:3.1提取分离(Extractionandisolation)3.1.1掌握常用提取分离方法的原理及操作：包括液－固提取法（渗渍、渗漉、回流提取）、液－液萃取法（简单萃取法、梯度萃取法、反流分布法）、重结晶法等。要求学生了解常见溶剂的性能，并能较好地选择提取溶剂。Tolearntheprinciplesandperformanceofcommonlyusedextractionandisolationmethods:includingliquid-solidextraction(permeation、percolationandrecirculation)、liquid-liquidextraction(simpleextraction、gradientextractionandcounter-currentdistribution)、recrystallisationandsoforth.Torequirestudentstocomprehendthefunctionofcommonsolventsandmakeawisechoiceofextractionsolvents.3.1.2掌握纸层析、薄层层析、柱层析（包括吸附柱离子交换层析）的原理及基本操作。了解气相层析、高效薄层及高效液相层析的基本操作。Tomastertheprinciplesandelementaryoperationofpaperchromatography、thin-layerchromatography(TLC)andcolumnchromatography,whichincludesadsorptioncolumnionexchangechromatography.3Tounderstandbasicperformanceofgaschromatography、highperformancethin-layerchromatographyandhighperformanceliquidchromatography.3.2结构鉴定（Structuralidentification）3.2.1化学方法ChemicalmethodA掌握一般定性反应鉴定中的应用Tograsptheapplicationofgeneralqualitativereactionidentification;B掌握重要衍生物（乙酰化物、甲基化物、生物碱盐等）的制备方法及其在结构鉴定中的应用。Tomasterpreparativemethodsofimportantderivatives(acetylation、Methylation、alkaloidandsoon)C了解重要降解反应的原理及应用。如碱降解、霍夫曼降解、臭氧氧化等。Tocomprehendtheprinciplesandapplicationofimportantdegradationreaction.Forinstance,alkalidegradation、Hofmann’sdegradation、ozoneoxydationandsoforth.3.2.2光谱方法Spectrummethod了解UV,IR,NMR,MS在天然产物结构测定中的应用。目前，要求学生能了解黄酮类化合物的UV,NMR波谱，蒽醌的IR以及麻黄生物碱的NMR谱特征。TocomprehendtheapplicationofUV,IR,NMR,MSinstructuredeterminationofnaturalproducts.ItisnecessarytorequirestudentstoknowUVandNMRspectraofflavonoids,IRspectraofanthraquinoneandNMRspectraofephedrine.3.2.3天然产物的结构修饰Structuralmodificationofnaturalproducts要求学生了解天然产物结构改造的意义，并能进行某些简单的结构修饰工作，如由小檗胺制备檗肌松。Itrequiresstudentstounderstandthemeaningofstructuralmodificationofnaturalproductsandperformsomeworkonsimplestructuralmodification.通过实验逐步培养学生独立进行实验的能力。对某些实验内容，并要求学生由一定的设计能力，为今后从事科研工作打下必要的基础。Theabilityofdoingtheexperimentsindependentlycanbegraduallyattainedbyhavingthecourse.Forsomeexperimentalcontent,italsorequirestudentstobeabletodesignbythemselvessothattheycanprovideessentialbaseforfuturescientificresearch.本实验指导书主要供教师、学生实验时参考。各专业、年级尚应根据具体情况增删。Theexperimentalguidenceisreferenceforteachersandstudents.Eachindividualprofessionorgradeshouldreviseitaccordingtothespecificcondition.4TheExperimentalNotesofNaturalMedicinalChemistry(天然药物化学实验须知)在天然药物化学实验中，所用的药品、试药、试剂、溶剂大多具有挥发性、易燃、有毒、有腐蚀性、甚至爆炸性，实验操作又经常在加温、加压等情况下进行，需要各种热源、电器或其它仪器，操作不慎易造成火灾、爆炸、中毒、触电等事故。但只要加强爱护国家财产和保障人民生命安全的责任心，提高警惕，消除隐患，注意实验规则，完全可以避免一切事故的发生。InNaturalMedicinalChemistryexperiments,drugs、reagents、agentsandsolventsaremostlyvolatile,inflammable,poisonous,amycticandevenexplosive.Furthermore,experimentaloperationusuallyproceedsundertheconditionofheatingandpressurizing.Varioussourcesofheat,electricalequipmentorotherinstrumentsarealsoinneed.Carelessoperationwilleasilycauseaccidentslikeconflagration,explosion,toxication,electricshockandsoon.However,allaccidentscanbetotallyavoidedtohappenonlythatresponsibilityoftakinggoodcareofnationalpropertyandensuringhuman’ssafetyisstrengthened,thatvigilanceisboosted,hiddendangeriseliminatedandthatexperimentalrulesarepaidhighattention.TheExperimentalRules(实验规则)1.实验前必须预习实验内容，了解实验原理和操作规程。随时记录实验项目及其现象，以撰写正式实验报告。Thecontentofexperimentmustbepreviewedbeforedoingexperiment.Studentsshouldalsocomprehendexperimentprinciplesandoperatinginstruction.Recordingitemsandphenomenaatanytimeisneededinordertowriteformaltestreport.2.实验前应清点并检查仪器是否完整，装置是否正确，合格后方可进行实验。实验时不准做与实验无关的事情，严禁吸烟，不得擅自离开实验室，并应随时注意反应情况，5仪器是否漏气、破裂等。Beforeexperiment,studentsshouldcountandcheckoutwhetherequipmentisintegrityandwhetherdeviceiscorrect.Onlyuptostandard,experimentcanproceed.Duringexperiment,itisforbiddentodoanythingthatdonotconcernofexperiment.Donotsmoke.Donotleavethelabwithoutpermission.What’smore,studentsshouldpayattentiontotheconditionofreactions,airleakageandcrackofequipment.3.药品仪器都是国家财产，须节约爱护使用；公用物品，用后立即放归原处，以便他人使用。不可调错瓶塞，以免污染。器皿用后要洗刷干净。Druginstrumentbelongstonationalpropertysostudentsmustsaveandtakegoodcarewhenusingit.Publicarticlesshouldbesetatoriginalplaceafteruse,providingconvenienceforothers.Donotadjustcorkswrongly,orpollutionwillhappen.Vesselsshouldbescouredc