人机工程学之工作环境和安全

ERGONOMICSINENGINEERINGDESIGNEnvironmentalHealthandSafety2005ERGONOMICSMultidisciplinarysciencedealingwiththeinteractionsbetweentheemployeeandtheirtotalworkplaceor,moresimply,Thescienceofdesigningtheworkplacetofitthecapabilitiesoftheemployee.WHYAREWEHEREToreduceergonomic-relatedinjuriesandriskImproveworkefficiencyHow?Ensureequipment,workstations,andtoolsaredesignedandinstalledutilizingergonomicsprinciplesLearnaboutergonomicriskfactorsandhowtheycontributetoinjuryLearnabouthumanbodydimensionsandstrengthcapabilitiesastheyrelatetodesignLearntheprinciplesofworkstationdesignandhowtoapplythemLearnhowtoevaluatemanualhandlingtasksusingergonomicanalysistoolsLearnergonomicsconsiderationsforequipmentmaintenanceandserviceLEARNINGOBJECTIVESINTELERGONOMICSDESIGNGUIDELINESIntelergonomicsdesignguidelinesarethebasisforthiscourseRev.10.0isthemostcurrentversionCanbefoundonCorporateErgonomicswebsiteat:SprainsStrainsMusculoskeletalDisorder(MSD)Theoccurrenceoftheseinjuriesoftenindicatethatthephysicalrequirementsofthejobexceedtheemployee’scapabilities.WHATISTHEEXTENTOFTHEINTELPROBLEM?00.20.40.60.811.2199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004MSDS/SWHATISTHEEXTENTOFTHEINTELPROBLEM?Sprain/Strain27%Derm2%Eyeinjury3%Contusion5%Therm/Elecburn4%Laceration18%CTD/MSD30%Other1%Chemburn1%Fracture9%INDUSTRYCOMPARISON3.823.392.631.41.231.191.060.750.740.630.630.590.380.3500.511.522.533.541234567891011121314Intelhasthesecondlowestinjury/illnessrecordablerateamongSIAmembercompanies(2003SIAdata)SPRAINSANDSTRAINSStrain-AnacuteinjurytothemuscleortendongenerallyresultingfromoverexertionSprain-Anacuteinjurytotheligaments,cartilage,orsofttissuesaroundajoint.MUSCULOSKELETALDISORDER(MSD)MSDisaprogressivedisorderthatdevelopsovertimefromsomeaspectofrepetitivework.Thiscumulativetraumagenerallyresultsin;InflammationofsofttissuesCompressionofnervesCompressionofvascularsystemERGONOMICSRISKFACTORSRepetitivemotionsExtremeposturesForcefulexertionsMechanicalstressEnvironmentalstressorsREPETITIVEMOTIONIndividualshavevaryingtolerancetorepetitionEarlystudiesidentifiedhighrepetitionas;Ajobcycleoflessthan30secondsGreaterthan1000manipulations/shiftMorerecentguidelineshavetiedratetobodysegment90to150exertions/hrfortheshoulder900to1800exertions/hrforthewristMachinepacedoperationsareoftenassociatedwithrepetitionissues.EXTREMEPOSTUREAwkwardpostureshavebeenidentifiedforeachjoint45degreesshoulderflexionorabduction30degreesforearmsupinationorpronation10degreeswristflexion20degreesneckflexionTable3.1Whatposturalissuesarepresentinthistask?Whatposturalissuesarepresentinthistask?FORCEFULEXERTIONExcessforcerequirementsaredefinedas;Greaterthan15%ofmaximumstrengthforrepetitiveorstatictasks.Greaterthan30%ofmaximumstrengthforoccasionaltasks.Greaterthen50%ofmaximumstrengthforinfrequenttasks.Table3.3Sometimesexcessforcerequirementsareeasytoidentify.Othertimesexcessforcerequirementsarenotsoobvious.MECHANICALSTRESSMechanicalstresscanresultfromgreaterthan1.0psisustainedlocalizedpressureappliedtosofttissues.ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSORSTemperaturesoflessthan20oC(68oF)FahrenheithavebeenshowntocontributetothedevelopmentofMSD.VibrationhasbeenshowntocontributetothedevelopmentofMSD.TASKDESIGNCOMBINEDRISKFACTORSIncreasedriskofdevelopinganMSDfromexposuretoriskfactors.Highforce3.5XHighrepetition2.5XHighforceandrepetition16.5XTWOPRIMARYCONCERNSWherestrengthcapabilityorlowbackloadingaretheprimaryconcerns;1991NIOSHeq.BiomechanicalmodelingPsychophysicaldataMVCdataWheremicrotraumatothemuscle-tendonunitistheprimaryconcern;OSHAchecklistANSIZ365ACGIHhandTLVRULA/REBAStrainIndex