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Surfactants:FundamentalsandApplicationsinthePetroleumIndustryLaurierL.SchrammPetroleumRecoveryInstitutePUBLISHEDBYTHEPRESSSYNDICATEOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGEPUBLISHEDBYTHEPRESSSYNDICATEOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGEThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSTheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB22RU,UK://Ân13,28014Madrid,Spain#CambridgeUniversityPress2000Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.Firstpublished2000PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,CambridgeTypesetinNewCaledonia10.75/12pt,in3B21[PNPN]AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongresscataloguinginpublicationdataSurfactants:fundamentalsandapplicationsinthepetroleumindustry/LaurierL.Schramm,editor.p.cm.Includesindex.ISBN05216406791.Surfaceactiveagents±Industrialapplications.2.Petroleumindustryandtrade.I.Schramm,LaurierLincoln.TN871.S767842000665.5Ðdc2199-15820CIPISBN0521640679hardbackCONTENTSPrefaceviiSURFACTANTURFACTANTFUNDAMENTALSUNDAMENTALS1.SurfactantsandTheirSolutions:BasicPrinciples3LaurierL.SchrammandD.GerrardMarangoni2.CharacterizationofDemulsifiers51R.J.MikulaandV.A.Munoz3.EmulsionsandFoamsinthePetroleumIndustry79LaurierL.SchrammandSusanM.KutaySURFACTANTSURFACTANTSININPOROUSOROUSMEDIAEDIA4.SurfactantAdsorptioninPorousMedia121LauraL.WessonandJeffreyH.Harwell5.SurfactantInducedWettabilityAlterationinPorousMedia159EugeneA.SpinlerandBernardA.Baldwin6.SurfactantFloodinginEnhancedOilRecovery203TorAustadandJessMilter7.Scale-UpEvaluationsandSimulationsofMobilityControlFoamsforImprovedOilRecovery251FredWassmuth,LaurierL.Schramm,KarinMannhardt,andLaurieHodginsOILWELLILWELL,NEAREAR-WELLELL,ANDANDSURFACEURFACEOPERATIONSPERATIONS8.TheUseofSurfactantsinLightweightDrillingFluids295ToddR.ThomasandTedM.Wilkes9.SurfactantUseinAcidStimulation329HishamA.Nasr-El-Din10.SurfactantsinAthabascaOilSandsSlurryConditioning,FlotationRecovery,andTailingsProcesses365LaurierL.Schramm,ElaineN.Stasiuk,andMikeMacKinnonENVIRONMENTALNVIRONMENTAL,HEALTHEALTH,ANDANDSAFETYAFETYAPPLICATIONSPPLICATIONS11.SurfactantEnhancedAquiferRemediation433VaradarajanDwarakanathandGaryA.Popev12.UseofSurfactantsforEnvironmentalApplications461MervFingas13.ToxicityandPersistenceofSurfactantsUsedinthePetroleumIndustry541LarryN.BrittonGLOSSARYLOSSARYANDANDINDEXESNDEXES14.GlossaryofSurfactantTerminology569LaurierL.SchrammAuthorIndex613AffiliationIndex614SubjectIndex615viContents1SurfactantsandTheirSolutions:BasicPrinciplesLaurierL.Schramm1,2andD.GerrardMarangoni31PetroleumRecoveryInstitute,100,3512±33rdSt.NW,Calgary,AB,CanadaT2L2A62UniversityofCalgary,Dept.ofChemistry,2500UniversityDriveNW,Calgary,AB,CanadaT2N1N43St.FrancisXavierUniversity,Dept.ofChemistry,POBox5000,Antigonish,NS,CanadaB2G2W5Thischapterprovidesanintroductiontotheoccurrence,proper-tiesandimportanceofsurfactantsastheyrelatetothepetroleumindustry.Withanemphasisonthedefinitionofimportantterms,theimportanceofsurfactants,theirmicellizationandadsorptionbehaviours,andtheirinterfacialpropertiesaredemonstrated.Itisshownhowsurfactantsmaybeappliedtoalterinterfacialproperties,promoteoildisplacement,andstabilizeordestabilizedispersionssuchasfoams,emulsions,andsuspensions.Under-standingandcontrollingthepropertiesofsurfactant-containingsolutionsanddispersionshasconsiderablepracticalimportancesincefluidsthatmustbemadetobehaveinacertainfashiontoassistonestageofanoilproductionprocess,mayrequireconsiderablemodificationinordertoassistinanotherstage.IntroductionSurfactantsarewidelyusedandfindaverylargenumberofapplicationsbecauseoftheirremarkableabilitytoinfluencethepropertiesofsurfacesandinterfaces,aswillbediscussedbelow.SomeimportantapplicationsofsurfactantsinthepetroleumindustryareshowninTable1.Surfactantsmaybeappliedorencounteredatallstagesinthepetroleumrecoveryandprocessingindustry,fromoilwelldrilling,reservoirinjection,oilwellproduction,andsurfaceplantprocesses,topipelineandseagoingtrans-portationofpetroleumemulsions.Thischapterisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontothebasicprinciplesinvolvedintheoccurrenceandusesofsurfactantsinthepetroleumindustry.Subsequentchaptersinthisbookwillgointospecificareasingreaterdetail.3Allthepetroleumindustry'ssurfactantapplicationsorproblemshaveincommonthesamebasicprinciplesofcolloidandinterfacescience.Thewidespreadimportanceofsurfactantsingeneral,andscientificinterestintheirnatureandproperties,haveprecipitatedawealthofpublishedliteratureonthesubject.Goodstartingpointsforfurtherbasicinforma-tionareclassicbookslikeRosen'sSurfactantsandInterfacialPhenomena[1]andMyers'SurfactantScienceandTechnology[2],andthemanyotherbooksonsurfactants[3±19].Mostgoodcolloidchemistrytextscontainintroductorychaptersonsurfactants.Goodstartingpointsarereferences[20±23],