适应体育的医学知识

6-1(6-1)(Vander,Sherman,Luciano,1994)sensorydisability2004137,49217%42.4%6-26-194.5%5.5%Vanderetal.,1994Visualdisability6-1(2002)(2002)(Lowenfeld,1981)(Lowenfeld,1981)6-36-1(2002)1.0.012.3020dB1.0.12.3015dB3.0.21.0.10.22.203.3010dB4.0.20.4200445,6725%………1.2.3.(self-stimulation)(mannerisms)4.6-45.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.1()23456…6-5(2004)22.1%12.3%5.6%26.6%(visualimagery)(memoryforcolor)(Warren,1984)(Fraiberg,1977)Reynell(1978)Garry&Ascarelli(1960)6-66-26-2Hearingdisability847,70390,24510.6%360,2976-7(2002)256-26-2(Eustachiantube)(otitismedia)Down(Down’ssyndromes)(cerebralpalsy)(cleftpalate)6-8()90%30-50%()…()()(rubella)(congenitalcytomegalovirus,CMV)()(Meniere’ssyndrome)()…6-36-3500400045606-9Martin,1997)2525(2002)6-4(2002)(2002)pre-linguisticaldeafnesspost-linguisticaldeafness6-4a26-4041-5556-706-1071-9090zzzaMartin(1997)(Bonvillian,Orlansky,Novack,1983;1992;1988;Orlansky&Bonvillian,1984;1998;1988)1988199219886-11(1981)(1988)104.6104.4104.3101.699.4(1988)(1987)(Brinich,1981)(McConkey&Koch,2004;Quittner&Leibach,2004;Surowiecki&Sarant,2002)(1987)(Myklebust,1966;Geddes,1978)(Potter&Silverman,1984;Gayle&Pohlman,1990)(Butterfield,1986,1989;Savelsbergh&Netelenbos,1991;Wiegersma&VanderVelde,1983)(Butterfield,1986;Gayle&Pohlman,1990)(Myklebust,1966;Wiegersma&VanderVelde,1983)(Suzuki,1991)(Winnick&Short,1986)(2000)28.1%26.6%6-12(Clements&Prickett,1986)(Stewart,1990)6-1394.3%(Longmuir&Bar-Or,2000;Suzuki,1991)94.3%6-14(physicalfitness)(health-relatedfitness)(motorfitness)(Suzuki,1991;Winnick,1986)5-56-15/6-56-166-51.●●●2.3.4.5.6.1.●●●●2.3.4.5.6.6-171.(1)a.b.c.(2)a.b.c.d.(3)2.(1)(2)(3)(4)6-18(5)(6)(7)(8)3.(1)(2)a.‧120/‧120mmHg‧200mmHg‧‧‧b.‧‧‧(3)4.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)6-19PhysicalDisabilities(physicaldisabilities)6-206-216-22(shortening)(myofascia)(jointrangofmotion)(contracture)(deformity)(musclestone)Suzuki(1991)2,22266%Suzuki30%(sedentarylifestyle)6-23(non-progressive)(Capute&Accardo,1991)(Hagberg,Hagberg,Olow,1989;Meberg&Broch,1995)(pre-natal)(peri-natal)(post-natal)(prematurity)(lowerbirthweight)(prolongpregnancy)(hyperbilirubinemia)6-24(Baroff,1991;Olney&Wright,1994)(AmericanAcademyforCerebralPalsyandDevelopmentalMedicineAACPDM)(spastic)(dyskinetic)(ataxic)(flaccidorhypotoniaortransient)(mixed)(Olney&Wright,1994)(athetoid)(involuntarymovements)6-25(graceface)(Spastic)(Dyskinetic)(Ataxic)Hypotonia(Mixed)zzzzzzzzzzz(nystagmus)zzfroglegzzzzzz6-266-27(non-invasivetreatments)(invasivetreatments)(reversibletreatments)(irreversibletreatments)(phenolintramuscularneurolysis)(botulinumtoxintypeABOTOXinjection)zzzzzzzzzz(functionaltraining)(therapeuticexercises)(stretch)6-28(polltherapy)(balltherapy)(assistivetechnology)BaclofenValium(induration)(compoundmotoractionpotential)(denervationpotential)6-29(acetylcholine)(chemodenervation)BotoxDysport(potency)Botox(totalorpartialneurectomy)6-30Poliomyelitis(Poliovirus)(Enterovirus)6-31(antigenictypes)zzJubelt&Miller(1989).6-32(reservoir)Echovirus(Coxsackievirus)(transversemyelitis)Guillain-Barré(Post-poliosyndrome;PPS)6-33(Amputation)(Kay&Newman,1975)(disease)(trauma)(tumor)(congenitalmalformationandamputation)Kay&Newman(1975)Kay&Newman(1975)6-34Kay&Newman(1975)Kay&Newman(1975)2.8%4.5%70.3%22.4%Kay&Newman(1975)6-35(phantomlimb)(phantomsensation)(phantompain)6-36(A~F)(G~I)6-37Progressivemusculardystrophy(non-neuropathies)(Duchennemusculardystrophy;DMD)Beckermusculardystrophy;BMD)(FacioscapulohumeralmusculardystrophyFSH)(Myotonicmusculardystrophy)(Limbgirdletype)(DuchennemusculardystrophyDMD)(BeckermusculardystrophyBMD)Moster(1984)Mosteacciuolo(gastrocnemiussoleus)6-38(Duchennemusculardystrophy)(Beckermusculardystrophy)(Facioscapulohumeralmusculardystrophy)2.(Myotonicmusculardystrophy)(Limb-girdletypemusculardystrophy)(Limb-girdletypemusculardystrophy)(Congenitalmusculardystrophy)(Spinalmuscleatrophy)z(Werdnig-hoffmanndisease)z(Intermediatetype)z(Kudgelberg-wellanderdisease)zzzFlorence(1994).(Gower’ssign)(Limb-girdletypemusculardystrophy)6-39(dystrophin)(qudriceptius)(Spinalmuscleatrophy;SMA)(anteriorhorncell)(Werdnig-hoffmanndisease)(lowermuscletone)6-40zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzStuberg(1994)(Intermediatetype)6-41(Kudgelberg-WellanderDisease)(creakinease;CK)multiplexPCR6-42(PolymeraseChainReaction;PCR)(DNA)spinalcordinjury;SCI组(C1-T1)6-43(T1-T12)(L1-S3)(S2S3S4)6-44(Kennedy,Stover&Fine,1986)(Kennedyetal.,1986)(Kennedyetal.,1986)14.6%14.2%20.8%50.4%6-456-46C6-476-48龄C5C6C7C8-T4T5-T86-49T8-T12L1-L2L3L4L5-S16-50Scoliosis(spine)(thoracicspine)(lumbarspine)(nonstructuralscoliosis)(structuralscoliosis)(functionalscoliosis)(non-progressive)(symmetric)XXXXX6-516-52(Lonstein&Carlson,1984)XX(brace)MilwaukeeBostonMilwaukeeBostonTLSOorthosis(thoracolumbosacralorthosis)(stretchexercises)(strengthtraining)6-53FlatFootorpesplanus(FlatFootorpesplanus)(mediallongitudinalarch)(fatpad)(UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,2004)(Flexibleflatfoot)(Rigidflatfoot)6-54(metatarsalbone)6-55(Specialshoesorinserts)(Stretchingexercises)(gastrocnemiussoleus)(Surgery)(rehabilitation)6-56(exercise)(physicalactivity)(Carl&Kenn