华科大2017年博士入学考试英语试卷(题目全)

华科大2017年博士入学考试试卷完型填空（20*0.5分）讲一些动物实验，对于抚养后代，可以引起母亲和父亲大脑前额皮质的神经受体的升高。需要选择的空白处，均不影响文章内容的信息提取，全部集中在语法、固定搭配、介词选择、近义词比较。一般人5-6分阅读理解（20*2分）全部出自题库，请下载题库核对答案吧第一篇gmatPassage4(4/63)Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere—reptilesorbirds—areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawing-likemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedV-shapealongeachsideoftheanimal’sbody.Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurs’hindfeetresembledabat’sandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsnowgenerallyagreethatthe(A)enormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistances(B)structureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobats(C)fossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflight(D)pterosaurswerereptiles(E)pterosaurswalkedonallfours2.Theauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas(A)revolutionary(B)unlikely(C)unassailable(D)probable(E)outdated3.Accordingtothepassage,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbythe(A)sizeofitswingspan(B)presenceofhollowspacesinitsbones(C)anatomicoriginofitswingstrut(D)presenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeet(E)locationoftheshoulderjointjoiningthewingtoitsbody4.TheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthepassagesuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?(A)Ananimal’sbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.(B)Ananimal’sappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.(C)Animalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.(D)Theoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.(E)Thepterosaursshouldbeclassifiedasbirds,notreptiles.5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingischaracteristicofthepterosaurs?(A)Theywereunabletofoldtheirwingswhennotinuse.(B)Theyhungupsidedownfrombranchesasbatsdobeforeflight.(C)Theyflewinordertocaptureprey.(D)Theywereanearlystageintheevolutionofthebirds.(E)Theylivedprimarilyinaforest-likehabitat.6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthepassage?(A)Newevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.(B)Threeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresented,andeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.(C)Threehypothesesareoutlined,andevidencesupportingeachisgiven.(D)Recentdiscoveriesaredescribed,andtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.(E)Asummaryofthematerialintheprecedingparagraphsispresented,andconclusionsaredrawn.7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatsomescientistsbelievethatpterosaurs(A)livednearlargebodiesofwater(B)hadsharpteethfortearingfood(C)wereattackedandeatenbylargerreptiles(D)hadlongertailsthanmanybirds(E)consumedtwicetheirweightdailytomaintaintheirbodytemperature第二篇GRE1991年04月sectionA第二段Therecent,apparentlysuccessful,predictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNino—th