第四讲 现在完成时

第四讲现在完成时一、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时由助动词have+过去分词构成，助动词have有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.例句：Ihavereadthebookforamonth.这本书我已读了一个月了。例句：Myfatherhasworkedfor15years.我爸爸已经工作了15年了。例句：Hehasboughtthebikesincemiddleschool.他自上中学就买了这辆自行车。例句：HowlonghaveyoulearnedEnglish?你学英语有多久了？二、现在完成时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答否定式：直接在助动词have后面加上not疑问式：把助动词have提到主语之前以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式Ihavenot(haven’t)studied….HaveIstudied…?Youhavenot(haven’t)studied….Haveyoustudied…?Hehasnot(hasn’t)studied….Hashestudied…?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）HaveInot(Haven’tI)studied…?Yes,youhave./No,youhaven’t.Haveyounot(Haven’tyou)studied…?Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven’t.Hashenot(Hasn’the)studied…?Yes,hehas./No,hehasn’t.三、现在完成时的时间标志词just，ever，never，yet，already，for，before，since，sofar，recently，twice，threetimes等。四、现在完成时的用法1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。例句：Myfatherhasjustgoneout.我爸爸刚刚出去。例句：Shehasarrived.她已经到了。例句：I’msurewehavemetbefore.我肯定我们以前见过面。2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently,already,just,lately,for…,since…,yet等。例句：Ihaven’theardfromherthesedays.这些日子我没有收到她的信。例句：ShehasrecentlylearnedtospeakEnglish.她最近学会了说英语。例句：wehaven’tmetsince1999.我们1999年之后就没有再见过。例句：Theyhaven’tseeneachotherfortwoyears.他们已经两年没有再见面了。★注意：a)since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，lastterm,yesterday,thetimeIgottherefor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如tenyears,awhile,twodays等。练习题:用since和for填空1.JimhasbeeninIreland______Monday.2.JillhasbeeninIreland______threedays.3.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia______15days.4.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere______7o'clock.5.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry______1974.6.Thebusislate.They'vebeenwaiting______20minutes.7.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenempty______manyyears.8.Mikehasbeenill______alongtime.Hehasbeeninhospital______October.b)ever和never的区别ever意为“曾经”，本身为肯定意义，可用于肯定、否定和疑问句中；never意为“从不”，本身具有否定意义。例句：Haveyoueverseenthatkindofanimal?你以前曾经见过那种动物吗？例句：IhaveeverbeentoLondon.我曾经去过伦敦。例句：Shehasnevertoldusaboutherfamily.她从未告诉我们有关她家庭的事情。c)already和yet的区别同：二者都有“已经”的意思异：already常用于肯定句的中间yet则多用于否定、疑问句末，常表示“已经，还没有”。例句：Ihavealreadyhadlunch.我已经吃过午饭了。例句：-Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?你已经完成你的作业了吗？-No,notyet.不，还没有。练习：一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空：1.______she______(wait)foranhouryet?2.He______(notfinish)theworkyet.3.LiMing_______(know)himsincethen.4.I______(receive)aletterfrommybrotherrecently.5.We________(be)theremanytimes.6.Howlong______you_______(learn)English?7.WangMing_______(notread)thebookbefore.8.--He_________(live)inthiscitysincehe________(leave)hishometown.--Whendidhe________(leave)there?--He________(leave)therethreeyearsago.9.--Hisfather_____(be)inthePartyforyears.--When_____he________(join)theParty?--He_______(join)thePartyin1996.10.--It______(rain)forsuchalongtime!--When_______it_______(rain)?--It_____(rain)3hoursago.d)表示短暂意义的动词如arrive,leave,borrow,buy,begin,start,die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：Hehascomeherefor2weeks.×Theoldmanhasdiedfor4months.×Theyhaveleftonlyfor5minutes.×以上三句话可以改为：Hehasbeenherefor2weeks.Theoldmanhas_____________for4months.Theyhave__________onlyfor5minutes.练习：用横线划出句中错误并改正。1.Myfatherhavefallenillfortwodays.I’msoworriedabouthim.2.I’msorry,butMaryhasjustgottenout.3.-Haveyoudoneyourhomework,Tom?-Notyet,butIhavebeguntostudyfortwohours.4.Ihavegottentoknowhersincehighschool.5.Theyhaveleavingforanhour,soIthinktheyhavearrivedBeijingnow.6.Hehasputonthatclothessincethedaybeforeyesterday.e)have(has)beenin、have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别表示“在某地”要用“have(has)beenin”，指从过去到现在一直在;表示“曾到过某地”要用“have(has)been”，指曾经去过;表示“已经去某地”要用“have(has)gone”，指去了还没回来试比较：非延续性延续性arrivebeherebegin/startbeondiebedeadcomebackbebackleavebeawayfallill/sick/asleepbeill/sick/asleepgetupbeupgetoutbeoutfinishbeoverputonwear/beon非延续性延续性Joinbein/beamemberofClosebeclosedgotoschoolbeastudentborrowKeepBuyHavecatch(acold)have(acold)gettoknowknowbegintostudystudycometoworkworkopenbeopenWherehashebeen?他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）Wherehashegone?他上哪儿去了？（人不在）TheyhavebeentoCanada.他们到过加拿大。TheyhavebeeninCanada.他们一直在加拿大。TheyhavegonetoCanada.他们到加拿大去了。练习题：一、单项选择1.Howlonghaveyou_______here?A.comeB.gotC.arrivedD.been2.Mygrandpadied_________.A.attheageofmy2B.for2yearsC.whenIwas2D.myagewas63.Itistenyears_____Ilastsawher.A.afterB.sinceC.forD.that4.--WhowillgotothestationtomeetLorry?--Iwill.I_____herseveraltimes.A.metB.havemetC.hadmetD.willmeet5.TheSmiths_______inChinafor8years.A.haslivedB.livedC.havebeenD.live6.--Hello,thisisMr.Greenspeaking.CanIspeaktoMr.Black?--Sorry.He______theBainiaoPark.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.wenttoD.willgoto7.--____youever____totheUS?--Yes,twice.A.Have,goneB.Have,beenC,Do,goD.were,going二、改写句子。1.IhavebeentoMacau(澳门)before.(改为否定句)I__________________beentoMacaubefore.2.Iboughtanewbikejustnow.(用just改写)I____just____anewbike.3.WebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.(改为同义句)We________English____threeyears.4.Hehasnevertravelled,______________?（改成反意疑问句）5.Theoldman_________lastyear.Hehas______________forayear.(die)（动词填空）6.MissGaoleftanhourago.(同义句转换)MissGaohas_______________________anhourago.三、变下列句子为疑问句。1)Ihavebeentherefortwodays._____________________________you____________________?2)Myfatherhaslivedheresince2000.____________________________yourfathe