您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 办公文档 > 会议纪要 > pragmatics-Introduction
Lecture1--b.IntroductionI.Origin/HistoryofPragmaticsII.WhatisLinguisticPragmatics?III.SemanticsandPragmatics:TheoryofmeaningIV.DefiningPragmaticsV.PragmaticstodayWarming-upquestions:a.Whatdoyouknowaboutpragmatics?b.Whatispragmatics?c.Whatphenomenashouldbestudied?d.Whatisthedifferencebetweensemanticmeaningandpragmaticmeaning?SomepragmaticphenomenaHowarerequestsandrefusalaremade?Whatpragmaticfunctionsofwhatthereporterhassaidcanbefound?记者:你好像从来没有在公开场合谈论过她?你介意说一说她吗?杨振宁:你给我写的提纲上没有这条。记者:所以我们君子协定,我现在向您请求。杨振宁:我想提一下可以,不必深谈。记者:您这次引起强烈关注,好像就是因为您的婚事。杨振宁:我想大家可能觉得年龄差距这么大,毕竟是少有的。不过我们觉得,这是我们自己的事情,虽然有压力,但我们也可以承受。我相信我们这次结合,最后大家会认为是绝对美好的。Analysis:记者:你好像从来没有在公开场合谈论过她?你介意说一说她吗?(askforpermissionbyquestioning)杨振宁:你给我写的提纲上没有这条。(refusingbymakingastatement)记者:所以我们君子协定,我现在向您请求。(request)杨振宁:我想提一下可以,不必深谈。(acceptance/givingpermission)记者:您这次引起强烈关注,好像就是因为您的婚事。(topic)杨振宁:我想大家可能觉得年龄差距这么大,毕竟是少有的。不过我们觉得,这是我们自己的事情,虽然有压力,但我们也可以承受。我相信我们这次结合,最后大家会认为是绝对美好的。(provideexpectedinformation)Howhasthereporter’spurposebeenrealized?Whatfunctionsoftheunderlinedpartscanbefoundinthefollowingcontext?“我还没说完呢。”赵宇航不满地白了主持人一眼,对大家说,“不这么干不行了,……。你没听外国人说:‘一个中国人是条龙,一群中国人是窝虫。’”“这是夸咱们呢。”“我说你怎么回事?开头你讲话时我可一次没打断你。”“对不起,对不起,您接着说。”主持人抱歉地低眉含笑让赵宇航,“我只是有点激动。”Analysis:“我还没说完呢。”赵宇航不满地白了主持人一眼,对大家说,“不这么干不行了,……。你没听外国人说:‘一个中国人是条龙,一群中国人是窝虫。”(complaintbymakingastatement;turnholding)“这是夸咱们呢。”“我说你怎么回事?开头你讲话时我可一次没打断你。”(complaintbymakinganinterrogative;turn-holding)“对不起,对不起,您接着说。”主持人抱歉地低眉含笑让赵宇航,“我只是有点激动。”Howcanthedeixis“那个”beinterpreted?万荣第一次接触范冰冰还是在1999年年底,那时他在南方某电视台任职,而范冰冰初接《还珠珠格格》后,在赵薇和林心如两人的“重压”之下也不显山不露水。万荣说:“当时我们台在播她的《小李飞刀》,我从全国请了几十家电视台来帮她做宣传,就是觉得这小姑娘挺有前途,想把她捧起来。不过也有件事让我们觉得不大对劲,赵、林两人在谈到冰冰时,都只说不错不错,而范冰冰就会在不错后面加上一个‘但是’,虽然这显得她比较直爽,但是也有不大‘厚道’的一面。”此后几年,万荣和范冰冰在做活动的时候有过几次接触,“不过都是一些场面上的,对她了解不深。但是也从一些渠道听说她很那个,不过我们都宁愿不相信。直到23号的迟到事件发生,我才知道,原来她真的很那个。”WhatgoesbeyondtheliteralmeaningofthoseutterancesbyspeakerZhang?记:按你的说法,大部分新人出道时都要遵守所谓的“行规”吗?有没有例外的?张:如果是良家女子,不愿意,那就别在这个圈里混了呗。记:照这样说,那些当红的明星,比如章子怡、赵薇,她们出道时也要付出这样的代价吗?张:当然任何女星都有自己的奋斗历程,只不过有的长,有的短,而且她们的机会很好。不过她们在抓住机会的同时,什么都不付出,就能得到今天的成绩和地位吗?我觉得那是不可能的,目前要杜绝演艺圈中这样的事情发生是不现实的。记:你有没有看到今天爆出的有关范冰冰涉黄的新闻?张:中国有句老话,叫无风不起浪。Whatdoestheunderlinedpartplayforinterpersonalrelationship?(orwhydoesthespeakeraddmoreafteransweringthequestion?)姑甲:你先坐一坐,暖和一下,再看她吧。老人:不,(走向右边病房)姑甲:你走错了,这屋子是鲁奶奶的病房。你的太太在楼上呢。老人:我--我知道,(指着右边病房)我现在可以看看她么?姑甲:(和气地)我不知道。鲁奶奶的病房是另一位姑奶奶管,我看你先到楼上看看,回头再来看这位老太太好不好?老人:嗯,也好。Pragmatics,asatopicinlinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageuse,inparticulartheuseofcontexttomakeinferencesaboutcommunicatedmeaningwhichisnotexplicitlyexpressed.StudentA:Dowehavepragmaticstomorrow?StudentB:TomorrowisnotMonday.老师:怎么没按时返校?学生:哎,买不到学生票。Pragmaticscanbecomparedtosemanticswhichinonesenseisthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence.Thespeaker,however,oftenspeakssomethingthatmeansmorethan,orisevenapparentlydifferentfrom,whathe/sheactuallysays;andyetthehearerunderstandsthisadditionaloralteredmeaning.That’swhypragmaticsisworthstudyingasanareaoflinguistics.I.OriginofPragmaticsPragmaticsisanewlyarisingdiscipline.ItsEnglishnamewasonlyinventedin1937anditsfirstimportanttheory—speechacttheory,didnottakeitsshapeuntilthe1950s.Pragmaticshasbeendevelopingrapidly.Bythelate1970sandearly80s,ithasbeengenerallyacceptedasoneofthebasicbranchoflinguisticstogetherwithphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,andsemantics.In1977,JournalofPragmatics(monthly)wasinvented;in1991Pragmatics(quarterly)appeared.;andin2002InterculturalPragmatics(quarterly)cameout.Pragmaticsisoriginatedfromthephilosophicalfield.1)CharlesMorris:FoundationoftheTheoryofSigns(1938)Pragmatics–thestudyoftherelationsofsignstointerpreters;Semantics–thestudyoftherelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable.Syntactics(=syntax)–thestudyoftheformalrelationsofsignstooneanother.If“signs”werereplacedwith“linguisticunits”wewouldhaveclearerunderstandingofthedefinitions.Thenwecanunderstandthemasfollows:Syntax–thestudyofthegrammaticalrelationsoflinguisticunitstooneanother;Semantics–thestudyoftherelationoflinguisticunitstotheworld;Pragmatics–thestudyoftherelationoflinguisticunitstotheirusers.2)RudolfCarnapinMeaningandNecessity(1956)suggestedtwodifferentformsofanalyzingthemeaningofalanguage:Pragmatics–theempiricalstudyofnaturallanguagemeaning.Semantics–thepuresemanticswhichstudiesthecontext-independentstablemeaningofwordsandclauses.Thus,accordingtoCarnap,descriptivesemanticsisapartofpragmatics.3)InAspectsofLanguage(1970),Bar-Hillel,astudentofCarnap,madethestudyofpragmaticsmoreconcrete:Pragmatics–thestudyoflanguagethatcontainsindexicalanddeictictermssuchasI,here,now,etc.Itisanarrowsenseofwhatpragmaticis.Hearguedthattherealmeaningofthesetermscanonlybedeterminedbytherealsituationinwhichtheyareuttered.II.WhatisLinguisticPragmatics?1)deSaussure,aSwisslinguist,waswell-knownforhisstructuralapproachtothestudyoflanguage.Histwotermshavetodowithgrammar,semanticsandpragmatics:Langue–thelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofthespeaker;ithastodowithgrammar,theidealizedformofspeech.Parole–theconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker;it,r
本文标题:pragmatics-Introduction
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-3462388 .html