语用学举例

妈妈，那是什么？句子的字面意义：说话人对妈妈的一个询问，询问妈妈附近或者远处的某事物是什么东西。话语的语境意义：①儿子用手指着面包店卖的面包，明知那是面包，却故意询问，此时她表达的意思是“妈妈，我想吃面包”或者“妈妈，我饿了”。②儿子在动物园里用手指着从未见过的长颈鹿说此语，就仅是一种询问，不可能是要表达“我想买长颈鹿”或“我想吃长颈鹿”。今天是星期天。句子的字面意义：一个判断，说话人说话的当天是一个星期七天中的第一天。话语的语境意义：①妻子对伏案工作的丈夫说此语，意思是建议他好好休息。②妻子对答应星期天帮她作家务活的丈夫说此语，意思是提醒丈夫快去作家务。③想去春游的儿子对让他在家复习的妈妈说此语，意思是请求或建议他妈妈带她去玩或者同意他去玩。语用学在语言教学中的应用•如何将语用学融入课堂教学，提高学生的语用意识，增强语言的教学效果？•语用学的基本理论、•发展动态与研究热点，•结合实例指导教师如何在外语教学中应用语用学并开展研究PeterGrundy教授•语用学与话语意图、语义推断和词汇语用学•语义学中著名的Grice’smaxims的内涵与发展，指出语言的表达应该信息量适中、内容准确、表述清晰，如果违背了这些原则，那么就需要听者进行分析和推断了Howreallifeandtextbookcompare•S:Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink•S:Madamwouldyoulikesomethingtodrink•P:Sorry•S:Somethingtodrink•P:YespleaseI`dlikecoffee•P:CoffeePlease•S:Withmilk•P:Yesplease•S:Onemilkortwo•P:Oneplease•S:NomilkthenAreyoutakingdrugs?Youhaven`tgota£5noteIhaven`t.That`swhyIgiveyoucoins.PeterGrundy教授•Howisitthatwedon’tsaywhatwemeanandwemeanwhatwedon’tsay?Ourthoughtsaremoreprecisethenourwords•W:Whenwillyoubeback?•H:IshouldbebackbyEightbutyouknowwhattrainsarelike.•Locutionaryact:Iproduceasentencewithdeterminatesense(truevalue)andreference.•Illocutionaryact:Iproduceanutterancewhichcountsaswarnings,apologizinginadvance,criticisingtrains,etc.•Perlocutionayeffect:Mywifemakesdinner,buyslotteryticket,etc.PeterGrundy教授•语言教学应当培养学生在具体语境中准确理解、恰当表达的能力。那么如何在语言教学中平衡语言规范与交际能力这两方面因素呢？•Howdowesignalwhatwedowhenweuselanguage?Doteacherspaytoomuchattentiontothepublicpropertiesofwordsandtoolittletotheircognitivefunctions?•Whatyoucanfindoutaboutawordifyoulookinadictionary•AboutvocabularyteachingPeterGrundy教授•国际语用学专家关于“usage”和“use”的观点。“usage”强调词汇和句子在语言系统中的功能，表达的是字面意思；“use”侧重语言交流的目的，传递具体语境中的特殊含义。•如何平衡这两者在教学中的关系？如何在教材中体现语用的内涵？PeterGrundy教授•语用学、指示语和元语用意识，帮助大家增强语用的敏感度。Sothisisthechoice:methodology•Welearnalanguageinordertouseit:languagesareteachable.•Weusealanguageinordertolearnit:languagesarelearnable.陈新仁教授•从国内语用学研究的角度出发，回顾语用学研究的历史，阐释语用学研究的意义，帮助大家对国内语用学研究情况有了一个整体认识.•语用学分支主要包括言谈应对社会语言学、语际语用学、跨文化语用学、语用学与翻译、语用学与语言教学和认知语用学等。•教学大纲、教材和外语教师都会强调外语教学培养学生外语交际能力的重要性，要全面提高学生的交际能力，离不开对学生语用能力的提升。PragmaticsDefinitionsofpragmatics1.Pragmaticsisthebranchoflinguisticsthatdealswiththemeaningsandeffectswhichcomefromtheuseoflanguageinparticularsituations.《网络词典》wikipedia2.Pragmaticscanbeusefullydefinedasthestudyofhowutterancehavemeaningsinsituations.Leech3.Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid.Yule•在华德国留学生汉斯脚痒，到药店去买药。售货员问汉斯买什么药。汉斯脚又痒起来，一着急就说：“脚痒！脚痒！”售货员听成了“久仰！久仰！”就很客气地说：“哪里！哪里！”汉斯以为售货员问他什么地方痒，指着脚说：“这里！这里！”APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]Leech•是否涉及说话人或听话人•是否涉及说话人的意图或听话人的理解•是否涉及语境•是否涉及通过使用语言所实施的行为•有一个满足，则是语用学范畴Advantages&Disadvantages•Onecantalkaboutpeople’sintendedmeaning,theirassumptions,theirpurposesorgoals,andthekindofactionsthattheyareperformingwhentheyspeak.•Alltheseveryhumanconceptsareextremelydifficulttoanalyzeinaconsistentandobjectiveway.•Syntactics:theformalrelationofsignstooneanother.•Semantics:therelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable.•Pragmatics:therelationofsignstointerpreters.•Peterboughtacar.•ItwasPeterwhoboughtacar.•ItwasacarthatPeterbought.•Whatpeterboughtwasacar.•句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不同转换的结果•语义学：这些句子都是同义的。•语用学：这些句子都是不同的Semantics&Pragmatics•对意义的研究•没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究•语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义•语义学是对语言能力(competence)的研究•语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究•语言行为是语言能力的具体体现ChomskyObjectivesofpragmatics:•Investigateanddescribethepatterns,regularities,principlesandrulesoflanguageuse/usage;•Makesenseoflanguageuseindifferenttypesofcontext;explainlanguageusefromadynamicperspective;•Explorethesocial,psychologicalandcognitiveconstraintsandmechanismsunderlyinglanguageuse(productionandcomprehension);•Analyzeandexplaintheeffectoftheinteractionbetweenlanguageuseandlanguagesystem,betweenlanguageuseanddiscoursestructure,languageuseandsocialstructure,etc.语用学的研究内容A、语境B、指示词语C、会话含义D、预设E、言语行为F、关联理论J、会话结构Pragmaticsisarapidlygrowingfieldincontemporarylinguistics.Inrecentyears,ithasnotonlybecomeacenterofintenseinterestinlinguisticsandthephilosophyoflanguage,ithasalsoattractedaconsiderableamountofattentionfromanthropologists,artificialintelligenceworkers,cognitivescientists,psychologists,andsemioticians.---YanHuang,Pragmatics,2007.p.1Applications:pragmaticapproachto•foreignlanguageteaching/SLA/FLA/languagetesting/(cross-cultural/intercultural/interpersonal)communication/translation/advertising/literaryanalysis/socialadministration/businessnegotiation/propaganda,etc.文秋芳教授•作为语言教师，我们在讲授语言规范的同时应增强语用意识，提高学生对不同文化、不同情境的敏感性，从而有效、得体地使用语言。Readings:Readarticlesthatintroducethefieldofpragmaticsandfindinformationonthefollowing:a.Theoriginofpragmaticsb.Therelationbetweenpragmaticsandsemantics