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华中科技大学博士学位论文数控机床双轴同步控制技术研究姓名:何王勇申请学位级别:博士专业:机械电子工程指导教师:唐小琦2011-05-24华中科技大学博士学位论文I摘要数控机床的双轴同步控制,即一个机床轴的运动由两个保持位置同步进给关系的伺服电机轴共同控制完成。在双滚珠丝杠传动的机床中,高速运动下的丝杠柔性变形及轴间强耦合性影响,使得数控机床的双轴同步控制成为一复杂多变量控制任务,且难以控制。本文在国家相关科技项目支持下,对数控机床的双轴同步控制问题进行了比较系统深入的研究。具体研究内容如下:在基于有限元法中融合集中参数法基础上,构建了具有典型结构的双滚珠丝杠驱动同步轴的有限元模型,并进行了模态分析,进一步的实验验证了所建模型的有效性。而后在有限元模型的模态分析基础上,通过对伺服驱动单元电流环简化处理,构建了具有动力学耦合关系的集中参数的双轴同步进给系统模型。通过对双轴同步进给机床动力学行为的理论分析,设计了基于力矩补偿式、指令预补偿式、速度环变增益式三种同步控制方法;同时,为使控制策略不依赖模型精度,在双轴同步控制中还引入了PID神经元网络控制技术。并通过对原PID神经元网络控制模型评价指标的改进,实现了PID神经元网络的在线控制能力。在对几种常用速度规划运动指令频域、时域分析基础上,通过仿真研究不同速度规划形式及轴位置环带宽对双轴同步性能的影响。指出:要实现同步轴1g平均加速度能力,轴位置环带宽应满足40Hz要求;并应尽可能采用插补耗时较少且对轴跟踪误差、同步误差影响较小的梯形加速度速度规划。并基于“S”形加减速七段模型提出了一种预判各段插补周期个数的插补算法。在考虑实际数字伺服驱动单元滤波环节影响基础上,搭建了具有40Hz位置环带宽的离散时间模型的仿真平台和硬件平台。并对影响轴性能的丝杠扭转振动进行了补偿,为进一步的仿真和实验研究提供了基础。进一步的实验,验证了离散模型的有效性。对所提出的基于力矩补偿式、指令预补偿式、速度环变增益式、PID神经元网络式四种同步控制方法进行了仿真研究;同时,还对指令预补偿式、速度环变增益式同步控制方法在配置有NCUC-Bus总线式数控系统的样机上进行了实验研究。仿真与实验结果表明:○1基于力矩补偿的同步控制,同步能力昀好,但难以实用。○2基于指令预补偿的同步控制,不受数控系统结构影响,易于应用到工程实际中,但过华中科技大学博士学位论文II度补偿会造成运行的不平稳。在提高同步能力方面,仿真表明该方法可使同步误差下降明显,实验表明实际提高能力约为40%。○3基于速度环的变增益同步控制,综合性能较好,但需要借助总线式数控系统才能实现。在提高同步能力方面,仿真表明该方法可使同步误差有较好的下降能力,实验表明实际提高能力约为50%。○4基于PID神经元网络的同步控制,虽具有在线自学习、自适应能力,但需修改现有伺服驱动控制结构并配合数控系统协调方可实现。仿真研究表明其可使同步误差下降约为40%。关键词:数控双轴同步控制滚珠丝杠有限元建模“S”加减速预补偿变增益控制PID神经元网络华中科技大学博士学位论文IIIAbstractTwo-axissynchronizationcontrolinCNCmachinetool,thatistosay,amachineaxisisdrivenbytwoservomotoraxeswithcoincidentposition.Intwosynchronizedaxesdrivenbyrotaryservomotorsthroughballscrewtransmission,becauseoftheflexibilityofballscrewinhigh-speedandthestronglycoupleddynamics,itisdifficulttocontrolthiscomplextwo-degree-freedomcontrolsystem.Thepurposeofthisdissertationistoinvestigateandsolvesomeoftheproblemsthatareconfrontedintwo-axissynchronizationcontrol,undersupportingbynationalscienceandtechnologyfunds.Theworkinthisdissertationisasfollows:Ittakestherepresentativeprototypemachinewithcompoundedaxesandtwosynchronizedballscrewtransmissionasanexample.Afiniteelementmodelforithasbeendevelopedbaseonmixingfiniteelementmodelingwithlumpedparametermodeling.Andthemodalanalysisandmodelidentificationshowtheeffectivenessofthemodel.Then,baseonthemodalanalysisconclusion,alumpedparameter,coupleddynamicsmodelfortwo-axissynchronizationcontrolsystemhasbeendevelopedbysimplifyingcurrentloopinservodevices.Baseontheoryanalysis,threekindsofsynchronizationcontrolstrategy,suchasthetorquecompensationmethod,theinstructionprecompensationmethod,andthespeedloopvariablegainmethod,wereproposed.Atthesametime,aPIDneuralnetworkcontrolmethodwhichdoesn’tdependonmodelprecisionwasadopted.Anditsassessmentcriterionhasbeenmodifiedtofitonon-linecontrol.Thecharacterofseveralcommonspeedplanninginstructionswasinvestigatedfromfrequencydomainandtimedomain.Andthesynchronizationerrorwassimulatedbaseontheinfluenceofthedifferentspeedplanningandthepositionloopbandwidth.Asaresult,thefollowingconclusionswereputforward.Toachievetheabilityof1gaverageacceleration,positionloopbandwidthofsynchronizedaxesshouldsatisfywith40Hz.Trapezoidaccelerationspeedplanningisdesirableforsynchronizationcontrol,becauseitwillcauseasmallerfollowingerror,synchronizationerror,anddemandalessinterpolationtimethantheothers.OntheanalysisoftheS-shapedaccelerationanddecelerationcurvemodelwhichconsistsofsevensections,itputsforwardaninterpolationalgorithmwhichcancalculatethenumberofinterpolationcycleofeverysection.华中科技大学博士学位论文IVTakingfullyintoaccounttheinfluenceoffiltersintheservodevices,itbuildsadiscrete-timemodelwith40Hzpositionloopcontrolbandwidthfornextsimulation.Atthesametime,thetorsionalvibrationofballscrewhasbeencompensated.Theeffectivenessofdiscretemodelhasbeenverifiedthroughexperiments.Fourkindsofsynchronizationcontrolmethodproposedwereinvestigatedinsimulation.Specially,theinstructionprecompensationmethodandthespeedloopvariablegainmethodweretestedontheprototypemachinewhichwascontrolledbythefieldbusNCUC-Bus.Theresultsofsimulationandexperimentsareshownasfollows:○1Thetorquecompensationmethodhasbestsynchronizationability,butitisdifficulttouseinthepractical.○2TheinstructionprecompensationmethodisnotaffectedbyCNCsystemstructure.Itiseasytobeappliedtothepractical,butexcessivecompensationcancausebumpymotion.Thesimulationshowsthatsynchronizationerrordecreaseisprominent.Theexperimentsshowsthatsynchronizationerrorcanreduceabout40%.○3Thespeedloopvariablegainmethodhasagoodcomprehensiveperformance,butitcanbeusedonlyonfieldbusCNC.Thesimulationshowsthatsynchronizationerrordecreaseisobvious.Theexperimentsshowsthatsynchronizationerrorcanreduceabout50%.○4AlthoughthePIDneuralnetworkcontrolmethodhastheabilityofSelf-studyandSelf-adaptation,itcanbeusedinthepracticalneedtomodifythestructureoftheservodevicesandcooperatebetweentheCNCsystemandtheservodevices.Thesimulationshowsthatsynchronizationerrorcanreduce40%.KeyWord:CNC,Tow-axissynchronizationcontrol,ball-screw,Finiteelementmodeling,SAceleration/deceleration,Precompensation,Variablegaincontrol,PIDneuralnetwork独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除文中已经标明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过
本文标题:数控机床双轴同步控制技术研究
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