电子商务中英对照E-commerceChapter5

Chapter5Business-to-BusinessActivities:Improvingefficiencyandreducingcosts企业间电子商务战略(B2B)2电子商务VS传统商务传统商务B2BC2CB2CB2CB2B支持在互联网上的销售和采购活动所需要的交易和业务流程LearningObjectives学习目标Inthischapter,youwilllearnabout:•Strategiesthatbusinessesusetoimprovepurchasing,logistics,andothersupportactivities改进采购、物流和其他支持活动的业务战略;LearningObjectives学习目标•Electronicdatainterchange,howitworks,andhowbusinessesaremovingittotheInternet•电子数据交换(EDI)及其工作原理;•HowbusinessesaremovingelectronicdatainterchangeoperationstotheInternet•企业在互联网上开展EDI的方式;•SupplychainmanagementandhowbusinessesareusingtheInternetandWebtechnologiestoimproveit供应链管理及企业用互联网和WWW技术改进供应链管理的方法;LearningObjectives学习目标•Electronicmarketplacesandportalsthatmakepurchase-salenegotiationseasierandmoreefficient提高采购与销售业务效率的电子集市与门户。LearningObjectives学习目标8什么是企业价值链?(Valuechain）910Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities•Electroniccommercepossessesthepotentialforcostreductionandbusinessprocessimprovementinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivities.在采购—物流—支持活动过程中，为了节省的成本和对业务流程的改进，电子商务发挥了巨大的潜力。12Companiesuseelectroniccommerceto:1.Improvepurchasingandlogistics2.Improveallsupportactivities3.Providepotentialcostreductions,businessprocessimprovements企业通过电子商务，可以改善价值链中的采购和物流活动，以及支持活动。降低潜在成本，改善业务流程Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities13Anemergingcharacteristicofpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisthattheyneedtobeflexible.采购—物流—支持活动的一个新特征就是要求这些活动具备灵活性。Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities14Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities在全球价值链垂直分离的过程中，外包和离岸是其两个重要的特征。Outsourcing外包：Theuseofotherorganizationtoperformspecificactivities使用其他组织来执行特定的活动15Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesOffshoring离岸外包：Theoutsourcingisdonebyorganizationinothercounties扩展到海外的外包。主要有外包、创建全资子公司或与当地企业创办合资公司。16Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesBusinessprocessoffshoring(BPO)业务流程离岸外包：Companiesoffshorenon-manufacturingactivities是将业务任务或业务流程，转移到低成本的国家。供应商与企业之间的交互主要通过电话和网络进行。5.2.1PurchasingActivities采购活动•Purchasingactivitiesinclude:采购活动包括：–Identifyingvendors寻找卖主/供应商–Evaluatingvendors评估卖主/供应商–Selectingspecificproducts选择特定产品–Placingorders发送订单–Resolvinganyissuesthatariseafterreceivingtheorderedgoodsandservices–解决收货后出现的问题PurchasingActivities采购活动Procurementincludesallpurchasingactivities,plusthemonitoringofallelementsofpurchasetransactions.“采购”一词涵盖所有购买活动以及对购买过程中所有活动的监控Procurementalsocalledsupplymanagement企业的采购流程20E-sourcing:thevendorsinthismarketcansavethecostofprintingandshippingcatalogsandthecostofhandlingtelephoneorders.在网络上处理订单可以让供应商节省印刷与邮寄产品目录的成本和处理电话订购的成本。PurchasingActivities采购活动Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingBusinessesmakeadistinctionbetweendirectandindirectmaterials.企业认为直接物料与间接物料完全不同Directmaterialsarethosematerialsthatbecomepartofthefinishedproduct.•直接物料是指在生产过程中进入成品的物料；22Directmaterialspurchasing:twotypes1.Replenishmentpurchasing(contractpurchasing)合同采购/订约采购Companynegotiateslong-termmaterialcontracts2.Spotpurchasing现货采购Purchasesmadeinlooselyorganizedmarket(spotmarket)Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing23Indirectmaterialsareallothermaterialscompanypurchases间接物料是公司采购的其他物料Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingProductsthatcompaniesbuyonarecurringbasisarecalledmaintenance,repair,andoperating(MRO)supplies.很多企业经常性地采购的那些间接物料称为MRO产品（办公用品集中采购）Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing25MRO是指在实际的生产过程不直接构成产品，只用于维护、维修、运行设备的物料和服务。MRO物料通常是一些低值易耗的商品，其种类繁杂而且采购量不定，因此在采购和库存管理上与直接物料也有着较大的差异。Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingTwoofthelargestMROsuppliersintheworldareMcMaster-CarrandW.W.Grainger.MC和WWG是世界上最大的MRO供应商。国内比较知名的MRO工业品服务商主要有：阿里巴巴（工业品商城）、沃的工业城（WOGYC）、拜优、工品汇Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing2728Purchasingcards(p-cards)provide:•Managersanabilitytomakemultiplesmallpurchases•可支持多次、数额小的购买•Cost-trackinginformationtoprocurement•可查询消费信息Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动classicobjective:Toprovidetherightgoodsintherightquantitiesintherightplaceattherighttime.物流以前的目标是在正确时间将正确数量的正确物品送到正确地点。5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动•Businesseshavebeenincreasingtheiruseofinformationtechnologytoachievethisobjective.企业是通过加强信息技术的应用来实现这个目标。31Importantsupportactivityforsalesandpurchasing物流是销售和采购的重要支持活动Includesmanagingthemovementsof:1.Inboundmaterialsandsupplies进2.Outboundfinishedgoodsandservices出5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动32WebandtheInternet：Providingincreasingnumberofopportunitiestobettermanageactivities网络和互联网:为更好地管理活动提供越来越多的机会5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动33Real-timeshipmentinformationoncustomers’browsers很多物流公司已为顾客提供了网站上实时货运跟踪。5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动34Third-partylogistics(3PL)provider第三方物流Operatesall(largeportion)ofcustomer’smaterialsmovementactivitiesExamples:RyderandWhirlpool,FedEx,UPS，顺丰，申通5.2.3LogisticActivities物流活动35Supportactivitiesinclude支持活动包括：1.Financeandadministration财务与行政管理2.Humanresources人力资源3.Technologydevelopment技术开发5.2.4SupportActivities支持活动365.2.4SupportActivities支持活动•OnlineBenefitsisafirmthatduplicatesitsclients’humanresourcefunctionsonasecureWebsitethatisaccessibletoclients’employees.OnlineBenefits帮助一家公司将该公司客户的人力资源职能复制在加密的网站上，实现客户的员工可访问此网站。TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培训与知识管理•Onecommonactivitythatunderliesmu