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关系代词1、关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词thegirl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)2、关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见表:指人指物指人或物主格whowhichthat宾格whomthatthat属格whosewhose/ofwhichofwhich/whose例如:Thisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)Hecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)★关系代词的用法1、关系代词的句法功能1)关系代词在句中作主语例如:Iprefermusicthat/whichhasgreatlyrics2)关系代词在句中作宾语例如:IlikemusicthatIcansingalongwith.3)关系代词在句中作表语例如:Thehouseisnottheone(that)itusedtobe.2、关系代词在从句中作名词的定语例如:Isshetheteacherwhosehairisveryshort?3、关系代词的用法1)who和whom的用法:二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语,而who则不能。例如:Ihappenedtomeettheprofessor(who/whom)Igottoknowatapartyintheshoppingcenteryesterday.2)whose的用法:一般指人,有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。例如:IhavegotafriendwhosebrotheristrainingfortheOlymoics.3)which的用法:一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。例如:ThephotowhichwelikedbestwastakenbyZhaoMin.4)that的用法:指人或物,指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与that互换。在从句中可作主语、宾语,还可作表语。例如:Itisabook(that/which)noonereallylikes.4、用who不用that的情况1)先行词是指人的不定代词时例如:Congratulationstoourwinnersandthankstoeveryonewhoenteredthecompetitions.2)先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时例如:Theboywascryinghardwholosthiswaywhilelookingforhismother.3)用在therebe结构中。例如:Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.4)避免重复或引起歧义。例如:ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghan.5)当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用语谚语之中)。例如:Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.6)先行词如是指成员的集体名词,关系代词也用who。例如:Thefamily,wholiveupstairs,arefondofmusic.7)先行词如是拟人化名词,关系代词也可用who。例如:Youwillseetheworkerants,whogatherfoodforthemselvesandforalltheothers.8)先行词指特定的人时,关系代词多用who,不指特定的人时多用that。例如:Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfather’ssister.Peoplethathavenotbeenproperlytrainedcan’tdothiskindofqork.5、在以下情况中,关系代词用that1)先行词为all,little,few,none及some-,any-,no-与thing所组成的复合单词时,只能用that。例如:Thereisnothingthatwillstopusmakingprogress.2)先行词前有only,some,any等形容词修饰时,只能用that。例如:Thisistheonlyproblemthatwecan’tworkout.3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that。例如:ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.4)先行词同时包括人和物时,只能用他和她,例如:LuXunandhisworksthatwearefamiliarwithareconsideredgreat.6、只能用which不能用that的情形1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时,只能用which例如:Thepencil-case,whichIboughtlastweek,ismissing.2)关系代词前面有介词时,只能用which例如:Thetreeunderwhichweusedtotakearesthasbeencutdown.3)先行词本身就是that时例如:Idon’tlikethatwhichhedid.7、介词与关系代词1)与关系代词搭配的介词的确定(1)依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。Iboughtagreatmanybooks,onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIsaved.(2)依据先行词的某种下滚搭配来确定。I'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.(3)根据所表达的意思确定。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.(4)在英语中有时为了强调某一名词,关系代词前也加上介词。Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuyapiano.2、关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词的位置1)关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。Theoldmanwhomthenursesarelookingafterisverywellnow.2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfor?3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway?4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.3、“名词/数词/代词/介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词one/two/some/many/the+最高级…+of+which/whom。Ihavetwosisters,bothofwhomareteachers.
本文标题:关系代词的用法
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