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脑血管解剖学华中科技大学同济医学院解剖学系宋本才Thebrainisahighlyvascularorgan,itsprofusebloodsupplycharacterizedbyadenselybranchingarterialnetwork.Ithasahighmetabolicratethatreflectstheenergyrequirementsofconstantneuralactivity.Itreceivesabout15%ofthecardiacoutputandutilizes25%ofthetotaloxygenconsumptionofthebody.Bloodflowtothebrainaverages750ml/minandismaintainedatarelativelyconstantlevel.Thenecessityforconstantcerebralbloodflowbecomescrystalclearwhenonetakesintoaccountthatneuronsaretotallyintolerantofischemia.Bloodflowingthroughcoronaryarteriesaccountsfor4~5%ofcardiacoutput.Onehundredgramsofmyocardialtissueconsumes8-10mloxygenfromthebloodeveryminutes.Theheartabsorbs70-75%ofoxygenofthebloodwhenitflowsthroughtheheart.SpecialFeaturesofBloodSuppliesofBrainMajorbranchesofcerebralarteriesthatlieinthesubarachnoidspaceoverthesurfaceofthebrainhaveasmoothmusclemediaandadistinctelasticlamina.However,asarteriesenterthesubpialspaceandpenetratethebrain,theylosetheirelasticlaminae,andconsequentlythecerebralcortexandwhitemattertypicallycontainonlyarterioles,venulesandcapillaries.Theexceptionsarethelargepenetratingvesselsinthebasalganglia,wheremanyarteriesretaintheirelasticlaminaeandthicksmoothmusclemedia.Enlargedperivascularspacesformaroundtheselargearteriesinageingindividuals.Arteriolesandvenulesinthecortexandwhitemattercanbedistinguishedfromeachotherbecausearteriolesaresurroundedbyasmoothmusclecoat,andtheveinsandvenuleshavelargerluminaandthinnerwalls.Cerebralcapillariesarethesiteoftheblood–brainbarrier.Theyarelinedbyendothelialcellswhicharejoinedbytightjunctions.Theendothelialcytoplasmcontainsafewpinocytoticvesicles.Thecellsaresurroundedbyabasallamina:atpointsofcontactwithperivascularastrocytestheinterveningbasallaminaisformedbyfusionoftheendothelialandglialbasallaminae.Pericytes,completelysurroundedbybasallamina,arepresentaroundcapillaries.Perivascularmacrophagesareattachedtotheouterwallsofcapillariesandtoothervessels:theyarephenotypicallydistinctfromparenchymalmicroglia,whicharealsoofmonocyticorigin.Athinlayerofmeningealcellsderivedfromthepiamatersurroundsarteriolesbutdisappearsatthelevelofcapillaries.Forfurtherdescriptionsofcerebralvessels.1.脑与颅骨和硬膜的血供来源不同2.脑的血液来自颈内动脉和椎动脉。以顶枕沟为界,前者营养脑的前上2∕3,后者营养后下1∕3。二者在脑底连成Willis环1.分皮质支和中央支,互不吻合?2.皮质血供较髓质丰富3.脑浅层动脉间有丰富的吻合4.脑动脉与静脉多不伴行5.脑的静脉和硬脑膜静脉窦无静脉瓣,且与颅外的静脉间广泛吻合6.存在血脑屏障7.颈内动脉和椎动脉均有一段极度弯曲的行程8.动脉在脑的表面行于蛛网膜下腔,穿过软脑膜后变为小动脉。脑实质外的动脉的外膜内弹力纤维纤细而且稀少,故没有外弹力膜层;脑实质内的动脉属于小动脉,有10~12层平滑肌组成的较厚的肌层,没有弹力纤维和外弹力膜层。由于脑动脉的这种结构特点,脑的动脉几乎没有搏动。颈内动脉颈段岩段海绵窦段前床突上段虹吸部岩段虹吸部:海绵窦段、前床突上段虹吸部:海绵窦段和前床突上段1.眼动脉颈内动脉的分支眼动脉的分支:视网膜中央动脉2.大脑前动脉额叶眶内侧动脉皮质支称为前内侧中央动脉或前内侧豆纹动脉。发自大脑前动脉A1段和前交通动脉。穿前穿质营养豆状核前端、尾状核头和内囊前肢,也分布于下丘脑、嗅三角、嗅束、眶回、胼胝体下回等。中央支2.前交通动脉:大脑前动脉之间的吻合支,为动脉瘤的好发部位。3.大脑中动脉大脑中动脉的分段1.眶额动脉2.中央前沟动脉3.中央沟动脉4.中央后沟动脉5.顶后动脉6.角回动脉7.颞后动脉8.颞中动脉9.颞前动脉10.颞极动脉皮质支中央支称前外侧豆纹动脉或前外侧丘纹动脉。分为内、外侧两组。它们发自大脑中动脉起始部(M1段)。穿入脑深部,分布于豆状核壳、尾状核头、体以及内囊前肢、后肢的上2/3。它们是营养纹状体和内囊的主要动脉,临床上易破裂出血,故又名易出血动脉。容易破裂出血的原因分析:细而长;以直角从大脑中动脉发出;有弹性外膜层4.脉络丛前动脉多发自颈内动脉末段,少数起自大脑中动脉或大脑前动脉。沿视束下面后行,经中脑的大脑脚和颞叶的钩之间,向后进入脉络膜裂的下部,终于侧脑室下角的脉络丛,并与大脑后动脉的分支-脉络丛后动脉吻合。其分布范围较广,如内囊后肢、内囊膝、苍白球、尾状核、杏仁体、丘脑、下丘脑、外侧膝状体等,也分布于大脑脚、红核、黑质、视束、海马、海马旁回和钩等。该动脉口径细,行程长,易发生栓塞,导致苍白球和海马病变较多。什么事脉络膜裂?什么事脉络膜裂?什么事脉络膜裂?什么事脉络膜裂?入脑室的动脉5.后交通动脉起自颈内动脉末段,沿视束下面、蝶鞍和动眼神经上方水平行向后内,与大脑后动脉吻合。后交通动脉瘤可压迫动眼神经导致该动脉麻痹。该动脉的中央支称为后内侧豆纹动脉,行向脑的深部营养内囊后肢、视束前部、丘脑腹侧部和下丘脑等。椎动脉椎动脉起自锁骨下动脉第一段,上行穿经第6-1颈椎横突孔,然后沿寰椎后弓上面的椎动脉沟向后内,再转向前上穿寰枕后膜、硬脊膜,经枕骨大孔入颅腔,在蛛网膜下隙内沿延髓两侧斜向内上,至延髓脑桥沟平面,左、右椎动脉合成基底动脉。左、右椎动脉合成基底动脉的汇合点可位于延髓脑桥沟,或平脑桥,或平延髓。汇合点多位于正中线上,或偏左,或偏右。左、右椎动脉大多粗细不等,左侧椎动脉常较粗。椎动脉的分支主要有:A.小脑下后动脉该动脉常起自椎动脉颅内中1/3段,分布于小脑下面后部、延髓橄榄后区、第四脑室脉络丛。该动脉行程长,弯曲多,易发生栓塞。B.脊髓前动脉该动脉向下两侧合成一条脊髓前动脉,营养脊髓。椎动脉的分支基底动脉的分支1.小脑下前动脉2.脑桥动脉基底动脉沿脑桥腹侧的基底沟上行,沿途发出多支脑桥支营养脑桥基底部,至脑桥上缘分为左、右大脑后动脉。基底动脉在基底沟直行的较多,也有单湾、双湾甚至三湾的。其上端在脑桥上缘以上的占多数,与脑桥上缘平齐的次之,在脑桥上缘以下的少见。3.迷路动脉迷路动脉也称内听动脉,多发自小脑下前动脉(约80%),少数人起自基底动脉。该动脉细长,伴面神经和前庭蜗神经经内耳门入内耳迷路,营养内耳。4.小脑上动脉5.大脑后动脉大脑后动脉的分段大脑后动脉的分段两侧大脑前动脉起始段、两侧颈内动脉末段以及两侧大脑后动脉借前、后交通动脉于脑底下方、蝶鞍上方吻合成一动脉环,称大脑动脉环,也称为Willis环。该动脉环环绕视交叉、灰结节及乳头体。大脑动脉环大脑前动脉MRA,3DTOF模式图磁共振血管成像MagneticResonanceAngiography大脑中动脉MRA,3DTOF模式图大脑后动脉MRA,3DTOF模式图脑的静脉Thevenousdrainageofthebrainoccursthroughacomplexsystemofdeepandsuperficialveins.Theseveinspossessnovalvesandhavethinwallsdevoidofmusculartissue.Theypiercethearachnoidmaterandtheinnerlayeroftheduramatertoopenintotheduralvenoussinuses.Thesmoothmusclelayersinthewallareoftendiscontinuous.Theyarecoatedexternallybyamonolayerofmeningealcells.Extensivelyanastomosiswithextracranialveins.脑的浅静脉脑的深静脉由丘脑纹状体静脉、透明隔静脉和脉络丛上静脉在室间孔处汇合而成。左、右各一,自室间孔处在第三脑室顶部脉络丛内的中线两侧行向后,沿途收纳大脑半球深部、间脑、脉络丛和基底核等处的静脉血。丘脑纹状体静脉和大脑内静脉相连处形成一向后开放的锐角,造影上称为静脉角。该角形态、位置恒定,其前端为室间孔后界的标志,该静脉角的大小及位置变化,以及大脑内静脉位置的改变,是诊断脑深部占位性病变的重要依据。A.大脑内静脉B.基底静脉由来自于额叶内侧面,经视神经上方,然后视束下方行向后的大脑前静脉,和自外向内行于外侧沟深部的大脑中深静脉汇合而成。基底静脉在颞叶和中脑之间并包绕中脑行向中脑北侧,在胼胝体压部下方注入大脑内静脉或大脑大静脉。C.大脑大静脉亦称Galen静脉。在胼胝体压部下弯向后上,注入直窦。沿途有胼胝体后静脉、小脑的静脉等注入。垂体的血供与垂体门脉系统
本文标题:4. 脑血管解剖学
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