最全面纲要式 大学英语语法

第1页共50页大学英语I倒装1．否定倒装：常见的否定词和具有否定意义的词组有：atnotime,barely,bynomeans,few,hardly/scarcely(when),innethercase,innocase,innotimeinnoway,in/undernocircumstances,invain,little,much/evenstillless,neither,nomore,nor,notonce,notonly,never,no,nolonger,nosooner(than),nowhere,not,notasoul,notinfrequently,notasingleword,notuntil,onnoaccount,rarely,seldom,undernocondition,etc.放在句首，主谓倒装E.g.AtnotimewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.2.固定倒装neither,nor,soNotes:—Neitherofthemiscorrect.neither是主语的一部分或主语时,不倒装。—Copperconductselectricity，soitdoes.—Ifyoudon'tgototheparty,neitherwillI.如果句中有if或when引导的从句,只用neither,不用nor。3．让步倒装：Difficultthoughthetaskwas，theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.Notes:1）though可用可不用倒装,although不能用;as必须用。Hardasadiamondis,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithalaser.MuchasIlikechocolate,IhavenevereatenasinglebarofitsinceIbegantoputonweight,2)though/although不与but连用3)Strongmanthatheis,hefelttiredoutafterthelongjourney.Beitrainyorsunny,I'llgoout.Saywhatyouwill,Iwon'tchangemymind.Beiteversolate,Imustdoanotherexperiment.________,Imustcompletemymathassignments.AItbeeversolateBBeiteversolateCItiseversolateDSolateitbeever4.副词倒装:here,there,down,upanddown,etc.放在句首,主语是名词时。Note:Herehecomes.5.only以及only开头的介词短语及状语从句(onlywhen,onlyin/by/on/after,often,manyatime)至于句首,部分倒装。Note:only修饰主语不倒:OnlyPeterwantstogo.6.So…that,such…thatE.g.SosuccessfulhavetheybeenthattheyaremovingtoBongStreet.SuchamanishethatIdon'twanttoseeanymoreofhim.SobadlydidhewritetheletterthatIcouldhardlyreadit.句首为manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchextremes,tosuchlengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等状语时,句子需要部分倒装。7.强调部分倒装:E.g.Atthesideofthehillstoodanoldhouse.主语补语置于句首时,需要全部倒装。BestofallwastheChristmaspudding.8.比较句中的倒装:themore…themoreE.g.Thefasteranobjectmoves,thegreateristheairresistance.第2页共50页Notes:一些类比句也用倒装Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.Readingistothemindwhatexercisetothebody.Booksaretomankind,_____memoryistotheindividual.AthatBwhatCwhicheverDas9.虚拟倒装:were,should,had之句首,省略ifGeorgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedthemeetings____.AhashenothadaflattireBifhehadn'taflattireChadhenothadaflattireDifhehasn'thadaflattireII.非限定性定语从句1.引导非限定性定语从句的which前可根据句意加入不同的介词。Ithadtakenhimninemonths,ofwhichthesailingtimewas226days.(unit2/bookone)Proteinaremadeupofvariouscombinationsofbasicsubstancescallaminoacids,ofwhich20areknown.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,ofwhichobtainingwaterisnottheleast.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,fromwhichtosuspendyourtent.例：Manyattendedtheconference,abriefreport_____hasbeenpublished.AofwhichBwhichCofthatDforwhich2.当which作非限制性关系从句中的主语时,其后不能再加别的代词.Themagazinehasahundredandfiftypages,which(they)arefullofphotographs.Thecoathastwopockets,ofwhichoneofthemoneofwhichcontainsawallet.Therearetwomajorproblemslinkedwithatomicplants,thefirstofwhichconcernsnuclearwaste.3.(6.)Anoldfriendfromabroad,______Iwasexpectingtostaywithme,telephonedfromtheairport.AthatBwhomCwhoDwhichIII.替代1．One,ones1)one,ones可指人或物a.只能代替可数名词。例如：Ihaven’tgotacoat.I’llhavetobuyone.Ihaveanewcoatandseveraloldones.b.one前面有修饰语时，常用a/an。例如：I’dpreferthelargeboxtoasmallone.c.ones前面一般都带有修饰语，如上例中的severaloldones.又如：Studiouschildrenaremorelikelytosucceedthanlazyones.d.one/ones后面常跟修饰语或形容词从句。例如：Hislifewasonedevotedtotheeducationofhandicappedchildren.Thestudentswhodobestintheexaminationsarenotalwaystheoneswiththebestbrains.ThisbookistheonewhichhasrecentlybeenawardedPulitzerPrize.2)one/ones的省略第3页共50页a.one前面的形容词为最高级，或one前面有this,that和another等修饰时，one常可省去。例如：Ofallthosebrothers,Johnisthemosthandsome(one).Ibrokethecoffeepot,sowehavetobuyanother(one).Ilikethisdictionarybetterthanthat(one).b.ones前面有these/those时，ones常可省去。例如：Thesebooksareminewhilethose(ones)aremybrother’s.1.that,thosethat用来代替前面已出现的可数名词或不可数名词时，后面通常跟有修饰语；that相当于theone时，只能指物。例如：Theengineofyourcarisbetterthanthatofmine.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.those代替可数名词的复数，即可指人，也可指物；those后面一般跟有修饰语，those相当于theones。例如：Theresultsobtainedagreeapproximatelywiththoseexpected.ThestudentsIamteachingthisyeararemuchmorediligentthanthoseItaughtlastyear.Cf:ThestudentIamteachingthisyearismuchmorediligentthantheonesItaughtlastyear.2.do,dosodo,does,did可代替前面已出现过的动词或谓语。例如：Useabookasabeedoes(=uses)aflower.—Whobroketheglass?—Idid(=Ibroketheglass)doso代替前面已出现过的动词以及有关的后续成分。例如：YoutoldmetovisitherandIhavedonesp.Markpainedhishouse.I’mtoldthisismerelybecausehisneighbordidso(=paintedhishouse)lastyear.注：a.句中的do为doing时，往往用sodoing.例如：Therescuecrewattemptedtolandahelicopteronthehouseroof;butthefirepreventedthemfromsodoing.b.有时so在句中可代替主语补语或宾语补语。例如：Pricesatpresentarereasonablystable,andwillprobablyremainso.(=stable,主语补语)Ifhe’sacriminal,it’shisparentswhohavemadehimso.(=acriminal.宾语补语)c.so还可有诸如：lessso,moreso,somuchso等搭配。例如：Althoughtheoldladywasexhausted,shewaslessso(=exhausted)thanwefeared.TheweatherwashotinCairo—somuchso(=hot)thatwestayedindoorsallday.3.so,not代替that-从句1）so,not常出现在某些动词后面代替整个that从句。a.so代替肯定从句—DoyouthinkTomwillsucceed?—Ithinkso.在Iamafraid结构中常用so代替that-从句。例如：—Hasthenewsreachedhomeyet?第4页共50页—Iamafraidso.注：在ask和kn