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总复习Unit1computerstructureEachcircuitrepresentsabit(binarydigit)ofinformationsothatwhenthecircuitisonitrepresentsa1,andwhenoffitrepresentsa0(inpositivelogicrepresentation).每个电路代表一个位(二进制数字)的信息,所以当电路打开时代表一个“1”,关闭时代表一个“0”(以正逻辑表示)。EarlyCPUswerecomposedofmanyseparatecomponentsbutsincethemid-1970sCPUshavetypicallybeenconstructedonasingleintegratedcircuit(5)calledamicroprocessor.注早期的CPU由许多独立的部件组成,但是自20世纪70年代中期以来,CPU通常被构建在称为微处理器的单个集成电路Thecontrolunit(oftencalledacontrolsystemorcentralcontroller)managesthecomputer'svariouscomponents;itreadsandinterprets(decodes)theprograminstructions,transformingthemintoaseriesofcontrolsignalswhichactivateotherpartsofthecomputer.控制单元(通常称为控制系统或中央控制器)管理计算机的各种组件;它读取和解释(解码)程序指令,将它们转换成一系列控制信号,激活计算机的其他部分。ThesetofarithmeticoperationsthataparticularALUsupportsmaybelimitedtoaddingandsubtractingormightincludemultiplyingordividingortrigonometryfunctions(sine,cosine,etc.)andsquareroots特定ALU支持的一组算术运算可以限于加法和减法,或者可以包括乘法或除法或三角函数(正弦,余弦等)和平方根However,anycomputerthatiscapableofperformingjustthesimplestoperationscanbeprogrammedtobreakdownthemorecomplexoperationsintosimplestepsthatitcanperform.但是,任何能够执行最简单操作的计算机都可以被编程,以将更复杂的操作分解为可以执行的简单步骤。Thecomputercanbeinstructedtoputthenumber123intothecellnumbered1357ortoaddthenumberthatisincell1357tothenumberthatisincell2468andputtheanswerintocell1595.可以指示计算机“将号码123放入编号为1357的单元格”或“将单元格1357中的号码添加到单元格2468中的号码并将答案放入单元格1595”中。TherearetypicallybetweentwoandonehundredregistersdependingonthetypeofCPU.Registersareusedforthemostfrequentlyneededdataitemstoavoidhavingtoaccessmainmemoryeverytimedataisneeded.根据CPU的类型,通常有两到一百个寄存器。寄存器用于最常用的数据项,以避免每次需要数据时都需要访问主存储器。Computermainmemorycomesintwoprincipalvarieties:random-accessmemoryorRAMandread-onlymemoryorROM.RAMcanbereadandwrittentoanytimetheCPUcommandsit,butROMispre-loadedwithdataandsoftwarethatneverchanges,sotheCPUcanonlyreadfromit.计算机主存有两种主要的:随机存取存储器或RAM和只读存储器或ROM。RAM可以随时读取和写入,但是ROM预先加载了永远不会改变的数据和软件,所以CPU只能读取它。InmoresophisticatedcomputerstheremaybeoneormoreRAMcachememorieswhichareslowerthanregistersbutfasterthanmainmemory在更复杂的计算机中,可能有一个或多个RAM高速缓冲存储器比寄存器慢,但比主存更快Devicesthatprovideinputoroutputtothecomputerarecalledperipherals.Onatypicalpersonalcomputer,peripheralsincludeinputdeviceslikethekeyboardandmouse,andoutputdevicessuchasthedisplayandprinter.向计算机提供输入或输出的设备称为外围设备。在典型的个人计算机上,外围设备包括键盘和鼠标等输入设备以及显示器和打印机等输出设备。Onemeansbywhichthisisdoneiswithaspecialsignalcalledaninterrupt(52)whichcanperiodicallycausethecomputertostopexecutinginstructionswhereitwasanddosomethingelseinstead其中一种方法是使用称为中断(52)的特殊信号,该中断可以定期地使计算机停止执行指令,并且执行其他操作SomecomputersaredesignedtodistributetheirworkacrossseveralCPUsinamultiprocessingconfiguration,atechniqueonceemployedonlyinlargeandpowerfulmachinessuchassupercomputers,mainframecomputersandservers.一些计算机被设计成在多处理配置中分配)他们的工作在多个CPU上,这种技术一次仅在超级计算机,大型机计算机和服务器等大型和强大的机器中使用。TheyoftenfeaturethousandsofCPUs,customizedhigh-speedinterconnects,andspecializedcomputinghardware.它们通常具有数千个CPU,定制的高速互连和专用计算硬件。Supercomputersusuallyseeusageinlarge-scalesimulation,graphicsrendering,andcryptographyapplications,aswellaswithotherso-calledembarrassinglyparalleltasks.超级计算机通常用于大规模仿真,图形渲染和密码应用,以及其他所谓的“令人尴尬的并行”任务。TheyoftenfeaturethousandsofCPUs,customizedhigh-speedinterconnects,andspecializedcomputinghardware.它们通常具有数千个CPU,定制的高速互连和专用计算硬件。Inthe1970s,computerengineersatresearchinstitutionsthroughouttheUnitedStatesbegantolinktheircomputerstogetherusingtelecommunicationstechnology.在20世纪70年代,美国各地研究机构的计算机工程师开始使用电信技术将计算机连接在一起。Wirelessnetworking,oftenutilizingmobilephonenetworks,hasmeantnetworkingisbecomingincreasinglyubiquitouseveninmobilecomputingenvironments通常利用移动电话网络的“无线”网络意味着即使在移动计算环境中网络也变得越来越无处不在Youmayhavemetthemunderthealternativenamessubroutineorprocedure.你可能遇到过成为子程序或者进程的函数Unit2programminglanguageSomelanguagesdistinguishbetweenfunctionswhichreturnvariablesandthosewhichdon‘t.有些语言区分函数根据是否有返回值Aforloopisusedtocontrolthenumberofmultiplications,andvariableret_valstoresthevaluetobereturned.for循环是用来控制数乘法次数的,而且ret_val变量的值保存返回值。Aforloopisusedtocontrolthenumberofmultiplications,andvariableret_valstoresthevaluetobereturned.for循环是用来控制数乘法次数的,而且ret_val变量的值保存返回值。Ifthefinalclosingcurlybracketisreachedbeforeanyreturnvalue,thenthefunctionwillreturnautomatically,anyreturnvaluewillthenbemeaningless如果在返回值钱有一个结束的大括号,那么这个函数将自动返回一个值,在后面所写的任何返回值都无意义了。Thedefinitionusestypevoidwhichisoptional.这个定义使用的是void类型,这个属性是可选的Otherwisethefunctionismuchthesameasthepreviousexample,exceptthatthereisnoreturnstatement否则,这个函数将与前例一样,除了不含有返回语句之外。Thisisratherlikeusingbreaktojumpoutofaloop.这很像用break语句跳出for循环Itisusuallyconnectedtotheconsoleofthecomputersystem,sothisisagoodwaytodisplayerrormessagesfromyourprograms它通常与控制台相连接,这样更好地把你的程序中的错误显示出来。Messagessenttostderrwillappearonscreenevenifthenormaloutputoftheprogramhasbeenredirectedtoafileoraprinter.消息传送给stderr,通过stderr把消息显示在屏幕上,即常见的程序输出是把程序定向至一个文件或是打印机。Incontrasttorealnumbersthathavethepropertyofvaryingsmoothly,theobjectsstudiedindiscretemathematics–suchasintegers,graphs,andstatementsinlogic–donotvarysmoothlyinthisway,buthavedistinct,separatedvalues.与具有“平
本文标题:专业英语总复习
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