108 General Custer

GENERALGEORGEARMSTRONGCUSTERLesson10GeneralGeorgeA.CusterGeorgeArmstrongCuster(December5,1839–June25,1876)wasaUnitedStatesArmyofficerandcavalrycommanderintheAmericanCivilWarandtheIndianWars.2020/2/92RaisedinMichiganandOhio,CusterwasadmittedtoWestPointin1858,wherehegraduatedlastinhisclass.However,withtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar,allpotentialofficerswereneeded,andCusterwascalledtoservewiththeUnionArmy.CusterdevelopedastrongreputationduringtheCivilWar.Hefoughtinthefirstmajorengagement,theFirstBattleofBullRun.Hisassociationwithseveralimportantofficershelpedhiscareer,asdidhissuccessasahighlyeffectivecavalrycommander.Custerwaseventuallypromotedtothetemporaryrankofmajorgeneral.(Atwar'send,herevertedtohispermanentrankofcaptain.)AttheconclusionoftheAppomattoxCampaign,inwhichheandhistroopsplayedadecisiverole,CusterwasonhandatGeneralRobertE.Lee'ssurrender.2020/2/93AftertheCivilWar,CusterwasdispatchedtothewesttofightintheIndianWars.Hisdisastrousfinalbattleovershadowedhispriorachievements.In1876CusterwastoldtoscoutoutanareabelievedtobealocationatwhichIndianswereholdingtribalceremonies(apracticewhich,atthetime,wasbanned).Hisordersweretosendbackasmallunittoreportbackwhattheysaw.Custer,however,ignoredthisorderandhadhismen–300soldiersofthe7thcavalryregimentintotal–ambushtheIndiansgatheringalongLittleBigHornriver.Hewasvastlyoutnumberedbyanopposingforceof2,000Indianwarriorsandbothheandhismenwereslaughtered.AmericanCivilWar2020/2/94TheAmericanCivilwasacivilwarfoughtfrom1861to1865betweentheUnitedStates(theUnionortheNorth)andseveralSouthernslavestatesthatdeclaredtheirsecessionandformedtheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacyortheSouth).Thewarhaditsoriginintheissueofslavery,especiallytheextensionofslaveryintothewesternterritories.Foreignpowersdidnotintervene.Afterfouryearsofbloodycombatthatleftover600,000soldiersdeadanddestroyedmuchoftheSouth'sinfrastructure,theConfederacywasdestroyed,slaverywasabolished,andthedifficultReconstructionprocessofrestoringnationalunityandguaranteeingrightstothefreedslavesbegan.FirstBattleofBullRun2020/2/95TheFirstBattleofBullRun,alsoknownasFirstManassas(thenameusedbyConfederateforces),wasfoughtonJuly21,1861,inPrinceWilliamCounty,Virginia,nearthecityofManassas.ItwasthefirstmajorlandbattleoftheAmericanCivilWar.第一次奔牛溪战役BullRunisastreamtwentymilesnorthofVirginia,westofWashingtonD.C.DuringtheCivilWartwobattleswerefoughtthere(July21,1861andAugust30,1862).TheConfederateswonboth:thefirstunderBeauregardandJacksonandthesecondunderLeeandJackson.IndianWars2020/2/96pushingtheindigenouspopulationswestwards.ThewarswerespurredbyideologiessuchasManifestDestiny,whichheldthattheUnitedStateswasdestinedtoexpandfromcoasttocoastontheAmericancontinent,andwhichresultedinthepolicyofIndianremoval,bywhichindigenouspeopleswereremovedfromtheareaswhereEuropeansweresettling,eitherforcefullyorbymeansofvoluntaryexchangeofterritorythroughtreaties.ThewarsresultedfromthearrivalofEuropeancolonistswhocontinuouslysoughttoexpandtheirterritory,Notes2020/2/97vehemence(L.3)2020/2/98exceptionallygreatconcentration,power,orforceoffeelingsoropinionsIndianfighter(L.5)2020/2/99fighterwhofoughttheAmericannativeIndians.DuringtheCivilWar,someIndiantribeswerealliedwiththeConfederates.hopelessodds(LL.6–7)2020/2/910hopelesssituations.ThisreferstothebattleofLittleBigHornonJuly25,1876,whenCusterandhistroopswereoutnumberedbytheIndiansandannihilated.寡不敌众的形势blunderedawaythelivesofmorethantwohundredmen(LL.8–9)2020/2/911sentmorethantwohundredmentodeaththroughhisfoolishnessandmiscalculation白白送掉了二百多条性命OnJuly25of1876,CustercameupontheIndianencampmentontheLittleBigHornriver,andheorderedtoattackatonce.Havingdividedhisregimentintothreeparts,heledtwohundredmenindirectcharge.AllthetwohundredincludingCusterwerekilledbytheIndians.WestPoint(L.14)2020/2/912theseatoftheU.S.MilitaryAcademysince1802,locatedonthewestbankoftheHudsonRiverofNewYorkCityboyishpranksandescapades(L.16)2020/2/913prank,escapade:playfulormischievoustrick孩子似的淘气和恶作剧snapandpolishandtautdiscipline(L.19)2020/2/914disciplinebywhichthesoldierswererequiredtobequickandefficientinactions,neatandtidyinmilitarytasks迅速高效，干净利落MarguisdeLafayette(L.40)2020/2/915拉法叶侯爵Frenchgeneralandpoliticalleader(1757–1834)LafayettewasageneralintheAmericanRevolutionaryWarandaleaderoftheGardenationaleduringtheFrenchRevolution.aflamboyantleader(L.41)2020/2/916flamboyantadj.behavingordressinginawaythatdeliberatelyattractspeople'sattention;brightlycoloredordecoratedacolorfullydressedleaderwhoiscarefulbothinappearanceandinbehaviorHedesignedhisown…gaudinessandglitter.(LL.41–47)2020/2/917他给自己设计了一套军服，帽子是宽边的，裤缝上有两条杠，海军的大领衬衣，三角巾是红色的，外衣袖口上有金色穗带组成的环形花，精细交织，错落有致。加上金色的带卷的披肩长发，显得威武有力，光彩照人。Confederate(L.54)2020/2/918the11southernStateswhichlefttheU.S.A.in1860,callingthemselvestheConfederateStatesofAmerica美国南部联邦…whohadretainedtheenthusiasmofayouthatthecostofneverquiteattainingthejudgementofaman(LL.84–86)2020/2/919…whohadkeptthevigourofayoungmanatthesacrificeofneverbecomingamanofsoundjudgement他有年轻人的无限精力，但这却是以从未具有男子汉的判断力为代价的GeneralH