语言学《新编简明英语语言学教程》复习资料

Chapter1Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage.（定义）GeneralLinguistics:Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsPhonology:soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology:theformofwordsSyntax:therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics:themeaningoflanguagePragmatics:themeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageLanguevs.parole(F.deSaussure)语言和言语（定义）Langue:theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Parole:therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)语言能力和语言应用（定义）Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationHowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?（相似点，不同点）SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinkswhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealuser’scompetence,nothisperformanceistoohaphazardtobestudied.Sothetaskofthelinguistsshoulddiscoverandspecifyrules.TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.（定义）(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。)Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockettin1960)（定义）Arbitrariness(任意性):Nologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.（定义）Productivity/Creativity(能产性/创造性):Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.（定义）Duality:Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.（定义）Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)Displacement（定义）CulturaltransmissionChapter2Phonetics（语音学）（定义）Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）Threebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics（发音）auditoryphonetics（听觉）acousticphonetics（声学）Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：BroadtranscriptionandNarrowtranscriptionAstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Phonetics&phonology：（定义，区别）Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage:thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;(itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.)Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phone（音素）Phoneme（音位）Allophone（音位变体）:（定义）Phone:aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment（音素是一个语音单位或者说语音段）Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,andsomedon’tPhoneme:aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.（音位是一个音位学的单位，而且是一个有区别意义的单位，是一个抽象的单位）Allophones:thedifferentphonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.（在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素）Suprasegmentalfeatures(超切分特征):stress（重音）tone声调）intonation（语调）ThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsChapter3Morphology（形态学）（定义）Morphology:ThepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructureMorpheme:theminimalunitofmeaning.（定义）Allomorphs:asetofmorphs,allofwhichareversionsofonemorpheme,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Freemorpheme&boundmorpheme（定义，会用，选择）Freemorpheme:isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself.Boundmorpheme:cannotnormallystandalone,butwhicharetypicallyattachedtoanotherform.(Onethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,“al”in“national”.)Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemes:themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.modern---modernizelength---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes:themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,e.g.a)Number:tablesapplescarsb)Person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)Case:John/John’sRoot（词根）Stem（词干）Base（根基）（定义，会用，选择）Root:Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”.Stem:Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,e.g.“undesirable”inundesirables.Base:Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.Thedifferencebetweenroot,stem&baseOrder:root(stem)+derivational+inflectional词根/词干+派生+曲折Abasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesiredinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desire