简单句的五种基本句型

简单句的五种基本句型•界首中学翟强志••2015.11.31简单句的五种基本句型这五个基本句型可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，复杂的英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：1.S十Vi主语＋不及物动词（主谓结构）2.S十Vt十O主语＋及物动词＋宾语（主谓宾结构）3.S十系V十P主语＋连系动词＋表语（主系表结构）4.S十Vt十ＩO十DO主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（主谓双宾结构）5.S十Vt十O十C主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（主谓宾补结构）简单句共有五种基本句型一、S十Vi主语+不及动词(主谓结构)本结构是由主语加不及物动词构成，常用来表示主语的动作。（1）一般表达型。此类不及物动词常与表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的副词修饰语连用。如：Westudyallyeararound.Theyrunfourlaps.（2）主动形式表示被动含义型。此类动词常见的有：open,close,read,sell,wash,write,clean等。如：Thedooropenseasily.ThisEnglishbookreadseasily.Mypenwriteswell.（3）这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词：snorkel,yell,differ,slip,appear,arrive,come,die,disappear,fall,happen,rise,ache,laugh,smile,rain,snow,blow等如：Theysnorlkeled.Thetrainarrived.Whathappened?Webothsmiled.简单句都有多种时态，如：Itrains.（一般现在时）Itisraining.（现在进行时）Itrained.（一般过去时）Itwillrain.（一般将来时）Itwasraining.（过去进行时）Ithasrained.（现在完成时）Hesaiditwouldrain.（过去将来时）Hesaidithadrained.（过去完成时）以上句子中的is,will,was,has,would,had都是助动词（帮助句子变为疑问、否定、时态和语态）请写出下面句子的其他7种时态的表达。Whathappens?Mydreamcomestrue.Westudy.二、主语+及物动词+直接宾语S十V十O（主谓宾结构）此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语构成。其中的谓语动词须是及物动词(短语),宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。（1）主语+及物动词＋名词或代词(作宾语)如：Hesharpenedhispencil.Thefarmerisexcavatingsoilinthefield.Theyhavebetrayedyou.Thebabyhasbeenimitatinghisgrandma.（2）主语+及物动词＋动名词(作宾语)。此类及物动词(短语)有口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse,pardon承认推迟没得想。admit,delay/putoff,fancy避免错过继续练，avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise否认完成就欣赏。deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，forbid,imagine,risk不禁介意准逃亡。can'thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape如：Isuggestedgoingswimming.Youcan'trisklosingyourgirlfriend.Iconsidergivingupsmoking.Wepractiseplayingfootball.Youshouldavoidcomingacrosstheteacher.下列短语后也要用动名词beused/accostomedto,leadto,devoteto,gobackto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can'tstand,giveup,feellike,insiston,bebusy(in),havedifficulty(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in)Heisaccustomedtotakingabathinthemorning.Shehaddifficultycommunicatingwithothersinthepast.（3）主语+及物动词＋不定式(作宾语)。此类及物动词有口诀决心学会想希望，decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish拒绝设法愿假装。refuse,manage,care,pretend主动答应选计划，offer,promise,choose,plan,同意请求帮一把。agree,ask/beg,help.如：Idecidetostartacompany.Hemanagedtogetthatjob.Hepromisedtodomeafavour.Sheplannedtoquithisjob.（4）既可接动名词又可接不定式的及物动词，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。如：remembertodosth.记住要做某事rememberdoingsth.记得曾做过某事；stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事stopdoingsth.停止做某事；meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味着做某事regrettodosth.遗憾去做某事regretdoingsth.后悔做了某事；goontodosth.做完一件事接着做另一件事goondoingsth.继续做同一件事；trytodosth.试图做某事trydoingsth.尝试着做某事等。三、主语+连系动词+表语S十V十P主系表结构：主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。此句型中常见的系动词：be,come,get,smell,feel,,remain,stay,appear,go,turn,fall,keep,get(变得),become(成为),turn(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎)（1）主语+系动词+形容词(作表语)如：Mydreamhascometure.Sheremainsslim.（2）主语+系动词+名词(作表语)Hebecameasoldier.Sheisawitch.（3）主语+系动词+副词、介词短语或反身代词(作表语)如：Iamhere.Thebookisofgreatuse.Sheisnotherselftoday.四、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语S十V十间接宾语（人）十直接宾语（物）结构间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等。Heofferedmeanapple.Heofferedanappletome.MymomreadsmeEnglish.MymomreadsEnglishtome.间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有：buy,choose,make,order,paint,play(演奏)，sing,等。1）Fatherboughthimacake.Fatherboughtacakeforhim.2)Thesingersangustwosongs.Thesingersangtwosongsforus.五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(复合结构)S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构Hetoldmetostudyhard.Hiswordsmadehisfatherhappy.Wefindhimagoodboy.此结构中宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词。此句型中常见的接宾语补足语的及物动词：（1）接名词作宾补的动词：find,think,elect,name,call,appoint,consider,make,leave等。如：TheyelectedTommonitor.ThecouplenamedtheirsonJim.（2）接形容词作宾补的动词：keep,get,make,leave,find,paint,set,turn,drive,call,cut,consider如：Youcan'tleaveyuorsonalone.WhatdroveJacksocrazy?Pleasesharpenthestickshort.请把这根棍子砍短。（3）接分词、省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词：feel,listento,let,have,make,see,notice,hear,watch,observe等。Let'sgohome.Inoticedsomeonecomein.（4）接副词、介词短语等作宾补的动词有leave,put等。如：Don'tleavethedogoutinthecoldweather.Thepoliceputthethiefinprison.5）有些动词后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，这是英语中常用的句型,即主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正的宾语。常见动词有think,find,consider等。如：Ithinkitnecessarytofinishtasktoday.Heconsidereditworthwhiletospendsometimehelpingothers.此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。上述各例都简化到了最低限度，在此基础上，我们可以加上一些修饰成分使句子变得更复杂，表达更丰富的内容。如：1)Lalaquicklyturnedforhome.→Worriedaboutthepreparations,Lalaquicklyturnedforhomewithhercollection.→Worriedaboutthepreparationsforherfeast,Lalaquicklyturnedforhomewithhercollection.→Worriedaboutthepreparationsforherfeast,Lalaquicklyturnedforhomewithhercollectionofnuts,melonsandotherfruit.2）Leonardogainedknowledge.→Bystudyinganddrawingthem,Leonardogainedknowledge.→Bystudyinganddrawingthem,Leonardogainedknowledgeabouttheirdesignandstructure.3）Ashopkeepercouldattractcustomers.→InancientEgypt,ashopkeepercouldattractcustomers.→InancientEgypt,ashopkeepercouldattractcustomerstohisshop.→InancientEgypt,ashopkeepercouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment.判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型：1.Hearrived．2.Sheenjoyswatermelons.3.Shelooksupset．4.Mothertoldmetowatchoutforthatdog.5.Shemadeacakeforme.6.ShegaveJoh