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第10章羧酸及其衍生物10.1羧酸的结构,命名,分类,物性p296羧基-COOHR——HO····HR——CO136pm123pm醇的C—O143pmHRR游离羧酸的p-π共轭羧酸根负离子的p-π共轭127pm127pm136pm123pmOCHHC····HOOR键长——平均化羰基的正电性——降低,亲核加成变难羟基H的酸性——增加α-H的活性——降低p-π共轭导致:122pmCH3OH143pm136pm123pm羧酸的IUPAC命名法与醛相似。简单脂肪酸用α、β、γ表示取代基的位次;羧基作为C-154321gba3-甲基戊酸β-甲基戊酸4321gba2-甲基-4-溴丁酸α-甲基-γ-溴丁酸CH3CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CO2HCH3Br-CH2-CH2-CH-CO2HCH2CHCHCH3COOHCOOHClNO22-甲基-3-丁烯酸3-硝基-4-氯苯甲酸COOHCOOH邻苯二甲酸(酞酸)CO2HHO2C反-1,4-环己烷二甲酸COOHα-萘甲酸1-萘甲酸命名举例:二十四烯酸己二酸5,8,11,14-(花生四烯酸)3-羧甲基10C的不饱和酸在碳数后加“碳”字!碳CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3CO2H158111420158111420-CH2-COOH-CH2CH2COOHCarboxymethyl:羧甲基Carboxyethyl:羧乙基-COOHCarboxyl(carboxy):羧基-CH2-COOH-CH2CH2COOHCarboxymethyl:羧甲基Carboxyethyl:羧乙基-CH2-COOH-CH2CH2COOH-CH2-COOH-CH2CH2COOHCarboxymethyl:羧甲基Carboxyethyl:羧乙基-COOHCarboxyl(carboxy):羧基HOOC-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-COOHCH2-COOHHOOC-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-COOHCH2-COOH命名举例:CH3CH3-C-CO2HC2H5-CO2HCO2HClClCOOHCH2H—C—CO2HCH—OHCH2CO2H1.2.3.4.2,2-二甲基丁酸环丙基甲酸2,4-二氯苯甲酸12453-羧基-4-羟基己二酸命名下列化合物羧酸的分类脂肪酸脂肪酸脂环酸脂环酸芳香酸芳香酸脂肪酸脂肪酸脂环酸脂环酸芳香酸芳香酸COOHCOOHRR一元酸一元酸二元酸二元酸多元酸多元酸饱和一元脂肪酸的通式:CnH2n+1CO2H饱和酸饱和酸不饱和酸不饱和酸一元酸系统命名(IUPAC)普通命名HCOOH甲酸蚁酸CH3COOH乙酸醋酸CH3CH2COOH丙酸初油酸CH3CH2CH2COOH丁酸酪酸CH3(CH2)16COOH十八酸硬脂酸二元酸系统命名(IUPAC)普通命名HOOCCOOH乙二酸草酸HOOCCH2COOH丙二酸缩苹果酸HOOC(CH2)2COOH丁二酸琥珀酸(Z)-HOOCCH=CHCOOH顺丁烯二酸马来酸(E)-HOOCCH=CHCOOH反丁烯二酸富马酸低级脂肪酸:液体,可溶于水,气味刺鼻中级脂肪酸:液体,部分溶于水,气味难闻高级脂肪酸:蜡状固体,在水中溶解度不大,无味液态脂肪酸以二聚体形式存在羧酸的沸点比烷烃高二元酸------结晶化合物物理性质(Ar)ROHOOCC10.2羧酸的化学性质p341*3.α-H的反应1.酸性4.4.脱羧反应脱羧反应;;氧化与还原氧化与还原2.亲核加成-消除RCO--XX酰卤酰卤RCOOCOROCOR酸酐酸酐RCO--OROR酯酯RCO--NHNH22酰胺酰胺HCOOHC6H5-COOHCH3COOHpka3.374.204.7310.2.1羧基中氢的反应10.2.1.1酸性p341HRR+HH++HHRRRROHOOHOHCOOHOHCOOHPka2.984.084.57苯甲酸pka4.20取代基:-C时,酸性邻对间取代基:+C时,酸性邻间对10.2.1羧基中氢的反应p34110.2.1.2羧酸盐RCOOH+NaHCO3RCOO-Na++CO2+H2OArONa+CO2+H2OArOH+NaHCO3无机酸RCOOHH2CO3H2OROH1-24-56.4(pka1)9-1015.716-19OHpKaC2H5CH2OCCH3OC2H5CH2Cl+CH3COO-Na+HOAc120oCR-C-O-+CH3-NNO+R-C-O-H+-CH2-NNO+R-C-OCH3O+N2SN2CH2N2CH2=NNCH2NN+-+-反应条件温和,产率高(定量)贵、毒、易爆炸CH3COOHCH3COOCH3CH2N225oC10.2.2羧酸衍生物的生成---羧羰基的反应derivativesofcarboxylicacid酰卤(Acylhalide)酸酐(Anhydride)酯(Ester)酰胺(Amide)RCOOHRCOOHL=-O-R(Ar)alkoxy—Xhalogen—NH2aminoO-O-C-R(Ar)acyloxyL=-O-R(Ar)alkoxy—Xhalogen—NH2aminoO-O-C-R(Ar)acyloxy1.酰卤的生成p348mp.112℃bp.197℃bp.77℃CCH3OOHPCl3H3PO3回流乙酰氯CCH3OClPCl5POCl3HCl回流苯甲酰氯COHOCClOCOH+SOCl2C-Cl+SO2↑+HCl↑OO2.酸酐的生成p349羧酸(除甲酸外)在脱水剂(如乙酰氯、乙酸酐、P2O5等)作用下或加热,分子间失去一分子水生成酸酐(acidanhydride)。CCH3OOHCHOOCH3P2O5CCH3OOCOCH3H2O或强热乙酸乙酸酐乙酸甲酸与脱水剂共热,分解为一氧化碳和水:HCOOHH2SO4COH2O60~80℃酐键HHCOOHCOOHOOO+H2OMaleicacidMaleicandydride马来酸马来酸酐COOHCOOHOOO180℃H2O邻苯二甲酸邻苯二甲酸酐5、6员环的环状酸酐易通过加热相应二元羧酸得到3.酯化反应p346CH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5+H2O1:167%1:1097%H+机理(1)加成--消除p347OCH3C-OHH++OHCH3C-OHHOC2H5CH3-C-OHOHHOC2H5+CH3-C-OH2OHOC2H5+-H2O-H++OHCH3C-OC2H5OCH3C-OC2H5RCOHOH2OR'..+HOR'..CH3-C—OH+HO18-C2H5CH3-C—O18-C2H5+HO-HOOCH3-C—OH+HO18-C2H5CH3-C—O18-C2H5+HO-HOOOORCOOH+H+RC+OHOHRCOHOHR'O+slow加成HRC+OHOR'-H+RCOOR'fast消除H2OH-OCH3H(CH2)5CH3CH3H(CH2)5CH3OCH3C-OH+H+OCH3C-O反应速率:CH3OHRCH2OHR2CHOHHCOOHCH3COOHRCH2COOHR2CHCOOHR3CCOOH(2)碳正离子机理p348(CH3)3C-OHH+(CH3)3COH2+-H2OOR-C-OC(CH3)3+OHR-C-OC(CH3)3(CH3)3C+O=C-ROH-H+OCH3C-O18H+(CH3)3COHO18CH3C-OC(CH3)3+H2O(2)形成酰胺和腈p350R-C-O-NH4+OORC-NH2室温-H2OP2O5RCN+H2OORC-OH+NH3机理R-C-O-NH4+OORC-OH+NH3R-C-OHO-NH3+R-C-OH2O-NH3+-H2OORC-NH2R-C=N-HOH-H2ORCN尼龙66nHO2C(CH2)4COOH+nH2N(CH2)6NH2270oC1MPa+nH2OnC(CH2)4CNH(CH2)6NHOO例1.通常的脱羧(1)加热(2)碱性(3)加热和碱性A-CH2-COOHACH3+CO2A=COOH,CN,C=O,NO2,CX3,C6H5时,易失羧加热,碱10.2.3脱羧反应p352*(1)环状T.S机理机理OHOCH2CCORORCCH2COHOORCCH3CH2RCOH-CO2互变异构RCH=CH-CH2COOHRCH2CH=CH2+CO2(2)羧酸负离子机理Cl3CCOOHOCl3C-C-O--H+H2OCl3C-+CO2+H+Cl3CHpka=6.610.2.3脱羧反应p353RCOOHRCOOXRCOOMRCOO•-CO2R•R•R-R能提供X•的试剂①X2②RX2.特殊条件下的脱羧特殊脱羧反应KolbeHunsdieckerCristolKochi名称反应式2CH3COONaC2H6+CO2+NaOH+H22H2O电解RCH2COOHRCH2COOAgRCH2BrAgNO3KOHBr2CCl4RCH2COOHRCH2COOHgRCH2BrHgOBr2CCl4RCOOHRCOOPb(OAc)3Pb(OAc)4I2LiClC6H6RClHOOC(CH2)4COOHCH3OOC(CH2)4COOAgBr2CCl4CH3OOC(CH2)4Br例CH3OH,H+AgNO3KOH10.2.4羧酸与有机金属化合物的反应RCOOMgX+R’HRCOOLiR-C-OLiOLiR'H2OOR-C-R'H2OR-C-OHRR'RCOOH+R'MgXRCOOH+R'LiR'LiR'LiRCOOHRCH2OHLiAlH4orB2H6H2O10.2.5羧酸的还原*反应不能得到醛(1)用LiAlH4还原机理RCOOH+LiAlH4RCOOLi+H2+AlH3OR-COLiAlH2HOR-CHAlH2HR-CHOAlH2O-Li+-LiOAlH2R-CH=OAlH3RCH2OAlH2RCH2OHH2O10.2.5羧酸的还原(2)用乙硼烷还原RCOOH+BH3机理反应活性OR-COHBH2HR-CH-OHOBH2-BH2(OH)RCHOBH3OR-CHBH2HRCH2OBH2H2ORCH2OH-COOHC=O-CN-COOR-COClCH2=CH-CH2-COOHCH2=CH-CH2-CH2OHCH2=CH-CH2-COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHB2H6H2OH2OLiAlH410.2.6羧酸α-H的反应p351——Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky反应RCH2COOH+Br2PBr3RCHCOOHBr机理RCH2COOHPBr3RCH2CBrORCH=CBrOHBr-BrRCH-CBrBr+OH+Br--HBrRCH-CBrBrORCHCOOH+RCH2CBrBrORCH2COOHKa15.9×10-21.6×10-36.8×10-5Ka24.0×10-51.4×10-62.3×10-6HO2C-CO2HHO2CCH2CO2HHO2CCH2CH2CO2H10.3二元羧酸的性质10.3.1酸性HOOCCH2COOHOOCCH2COOH10.3.2二元羧酸的热分解p354HOOC-CH2-COOHCH3COOH+CO2↑△HOOC-COOHHCOOH+CO2↑160~180℃OCH2-CCH2COOHCH2COOH-CH2-CO+H2O300℃OCH2CH2-COOHCH2-COOH△CH2CH2-CCH2-CO+H2OOOCH2-CH2-COOHCH2-CH2-COOH-△CH2-CH2CH2-CH2C=O+CO2↑+H2O△CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C=O+CO2↑+H2OCH2CH2COOHCH2CH2CH2COOHmCO(CH2)nCOOOOC(CH2)nOC(n≥6)(1)氧化法10.4羧酸的制备p355R-C-XOR-C-O-C-R'OOR-C-OR'OR-C-NH2ORCN(2)羧酸衍生物的水解烯、炔、芳烃、醇、醛、酮(卤仿反应)的氧化(3)有机金属化合物的反应RXRMgXRCOOMgXRCOOHCO2H2OMg无水醚RLi+
本文标题:第10章羧酸及其衍生物(三稿-药学)
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