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作业解答1流体静力学1.733372G/V9.7110990.11K/9.8070.6106.0610/990.11gmggms=作业解答2一元流体动力学2.5如图所示,水从水箱经直径为d1=10cm、d2=5cm、d3=2.5cm的管道流入大气中。当出口流速为10m/s时,求(1)流量及质量流量;(2)d1及d2管段的流速。解:(1)流量及质量流量22333330.025100.0049/44QAvdvms10000.00494.9/MQkgs(2)v1及v22231312.5100.625/10dvvmsd2232322.5102.5/5dvvmsd2.7某蒸汽干管的始端蒸汽流速为25m/s,密度为2.62kg/m3,干管前段直径为50mm,接出直径为40mm支管后,干管后段直径改为45mm。如果支管末端密度降低至2.30kg/m3,干管后段末端密度降至2.24kg/m3,但两管质量流量相等,求两管末端流速。123解:12323MMMMM1122332233QQQQQ111222333222333AvAvAvAvAv2318/22/vmsvms2.8一变直径的管段AB,直径dA=0.2m,dB=0.4m,高差△h=1.5m。今测得pA=30kN/m2,pB=40kN/m2,B处断面平均流速vB=1.5m/s。试判断水在管中的流动方向,并求水流经两断面间的水头损失。00解:方法一。找到基准面2263004.8929.80729.807AAAApvHzmg22B1.5401.55.6929.80729.807BBBpvHzmg22BABA0.41.56/0.2dvvmsdBAHHBA0.8BAwBAwBABAHHhhHHm解:方法二。找到基准面假设A流向B,则可列方程2222AABBABwpvpvzzhgg代入数据得0.8m0wh能量损失不能为负值,则假设错误,应该是B流向A,能量损失为B-A0.8mwh2.9水管直径50mm,末端阀门关闭时,压力表读数为21kN/m2。阀门打开后读值降至5.5kN/m2,如不计水头损失,求通过的流量。解:找到基准面0-0,当阀门打开时,水流动,此时,从1-1到2-2列能量方程001122z1221122121222wpvpvzzhgg式中2111212.14m,0,09.8072vpzpg221205.5kPa0wzph,,则25.6/vms22325.60.050.011/44Qvdms00112.13已知离心泵出水量Q=30L/s,吸水管直径d=150mm,水泵轴线高于水面Hg=7m,不计损失,求入口处断面的真空压强。解:找到基准面0-0,从0-0到1-1列能量方程220011010122wpvpvzzhgg1112240.037m,1.7/,00.15gwzHvmsh20000002vzpg,,代入方程得到11v70.1kPa70.1kPapp,2.15为一水平风管,空气自断面1-1流向断面2-2,已知断面1-1的压强p1=150mmH2O,v1=15m/s,断面2-2的压强p2=140mmH2O,v2=10m/s,空气密度ρ=1.29kg/m3,求两断面的压强损失。22121222wvvppp解:以水平轴线为基准面,从1-1到2-2列方程221.29151.29101509.8071409.80722wp178.7Pawp作业解答3流动阻力与能量损失3.6某管道直径带d=50mm,通过温度为10℃燃料油,燃油的运动粘滞系数ν=5.16×10-6m2/s,试求保持层流状态的最大流量Qmax。解:要保持层流,需Re≤2000,即Re2000vd6200020005.16100.21m/s0.05vd243max0.050.214.1210m/s4QAv3.7水流经变断面管道,已知小管径为d1,大管径为d2,d2/d1=2。试问哪个断面的雷诺数大?两断面雷诺数的比值Re1/Re2是多少?解:112111212222222121Re2Revdvddddvdvdddd3.8一矩形断面小排水沟,水深h=15cm,底宽b=20cm,流速v=0.15m/s,水温为15℃,试判别其流态。解:水温为15℃时,运动粘度ν=1.139×10-6m2/se60.150.24Re3160720001.13910vd2015444240.24(2)(20215)ebhdRcmmbh所以,流动为紊流3.9铸铁管管径d=300mm,通过流量Q=50L/s。试用舍维列夫公式求沿程阻力系数λ及每千米长的沿程水头损失。解:220.050.71m/s1.2m/s0.344QQvAd管中水流处于紊流过渡区。根据舍维列夫公式0.30.30.01790.86710.03260.30.712210000.710.03262.79m20.329.807fLvhdg3.10长度10m,直径d=50mm的水管,在流动处于粗糙区,测得流量为4L/s,沿程水头损失为1.2m,水温为20℃,求该种管材的Δ值。解:220.0042.04m/s0.0544QQvAd已知流动处于粗糙区,则根据希弗林逊公式,22229.8070.051.20.028102.04fgdhLv22fLvhdg0.250.11d0.250.0280.11500.21mm3.12如图,矩形风道的断面尺寸为1200mm×600mm,风道内空气的温度为45℃,流量为42000m3/h,今用酒精微压计测风道水平段AB两点的压差,微压计读值a=7.5mm,已知α=30°,lAB=12m,酒精的密度ρ=860kg/m3,试求风道的沿程阻力系数。解:温度为45℃时,查表,采用内插法,得空气密度ρ=1.111kg/m3A-B列方程2222ABABwvvpppsin8609.8070.0075sin3031.63ABwfppppgaPa22feLvpd2121.11116.231.630.82221.20.640.81.20.6eabdRmab4200016.2/36001.20.6QvmsA0.0143.13为测定90°弯头的局部阻力系数ζ,可采用如图所示的装置。已知AB段的管长l=10m,管径d=50mm,λ=0.03。实测数据为(1)两断面测压管水头差Δh=0.629m;(2)经两分钟流入量水箱的水量为m3。求弯头的局部阻力系数ζ。smdQv/40.105.000274.04422解:列A-B断面能量方程22BBj22AAwfpplvvzzhhhhdgg2222AABBABwpvpvzzhgg8.9240.18.9240.105.01003.0629.02229.03.15如图所示,为测定阀门的局部阻力系数,在阀门的上下游装了三个测压管,其间距,l1=1m,l2=2m。若管道直径d=50mm,流速v=3m/s,测压管水头差Δh1=250mm,Δh2=850mm,试求阀门的局部阻力系数ζ。解:2112flvhhdg122120.250.0529.80.02713hdglv222()2wfjlvhhhhdg2230.85(0.027)0.0529.80.77作业解答4工程中常见的各类流动4.10如图4.37所示。水箱侧壁开一圆形薄壁孔口,直径d=5cm,水面恒定,孔口中心到水面的高度H=4.0m。已知孔口的流速系数0.98,收缩系数ε=0.62,求孔口出流收缩断面的流速vc、流量Q和水头损失hw。【解】smgHvc/68.80.48.9298.020slsmvdAvQcc/56.10/01056.068.805.0462.04322041.0198.011122OmHgvhhcjW222158.08.9268.8041.02OmHhhgvHWWc22158.02或者4.11有一水箱水面保持恒定,箱壁上开一孔口,孔口中心距水面的高度5m,孔口直径d=10mm。(1)如箱壁厚度δ=3mm,求通过孔口的流速和流量;(2)如果箱壁厚度δ=40mm,求通过孔口的流速和流量。【解】(1)δ=3mm,属于孔口自由出流020.9729.859.6/cvgHms243020.620.0129.854.8210/4QAgHms(2)δ=40mm,属于管嘴自由出流020.8229.858.1/cvgHms243020.820.0129.856.3710/4QAgHms4.12水从A水箱通过直径为10cm的孔口流入B水箱,流量系数为0.62。舌上有水箱的水面高程H1=3m保持不变。(1)B水箱中无水时,求通过孔口的流量。(2)B水箱水面高程H2=2m时,求通过孔口的流量。(3)A箱水面压力为2000Pa,H1=3m时,而B水箱水面压力为0,H2=2m时,求通过孔口的流量。【解】(1)孔口自由出流23020.620.129.830.037/4QAgHms(2)孔口淹没出流23020.620.129.8320.022/4QAgHms()(3)孔口淹没出流230220.620.129.8320.024/49.8QAgHms()4.13挡水坝的坝内水平泄水管长L=4m,当泄水管进口断面形心淹没深度H=6m时,需排泄的水量Q=10m3/s,试确定该泄水管的直径d,并求此时管中水流收缩断面处的真空度。【解】管嘴自由出流2024QdgH2100.8229.864dd=1.2m43.331.2Ld符合圆柱形外接管嘴要求。收缩断面处真空度:00.750.7564.5vpHm4.14铸铁管材的倒虹吸管,管径d=500mm,管长L=125m,进出口水位高程差Δz=5m,两折弯角各为60°和50°,试求该倒虹吸管中的流量。【解】假设流动处于阻力平方区,用舍维列夫公式计算0.30.30.0210.0210.0260.5d两折弯角各为60°和50°的弯管局部阻力系数分别为ζ1=0.55和ζ2=0.4。22412585(0.0260.50.550.41)0.59.80.5QQ=0.65m3/s校核阻力区22440.653.31/1.2/0.5Qvmsmsd假设正确2212341234248()()2wLvLQzhdgdgd4.14铸铁管材的倒虹吸管,管径d=500mm,管长L=125m,进出口水位高程差Δz=5m,λ=0.03,两折弯角各为60°和50°,试求该倒虹吸管中的流量。【解】两折弯角各为60°和50°的弯管局部阻力系数分别为ζ1=0.55和ζ2=0.4。2212341234248()()2wLvLQzhdgdgdQ=0.62m3/s22412585(0.030.50
本文标题:流体力学作业概要
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