动词和动词词组

动词和动词词组第10讲动词分类（一）1，按其在动词词组中所起的作用分：主动词和助动词｛主动词:又叫实义动词，能独立作句子谓语成分简单动词词组复杂动词词组助动词｛Examples:1.Theworkersreceivedaraiselastyear.2.Theyhavebeentakingmusiclessons.3.Heneedn'thavebeenwaitingintherain.基本助动词：be,do,have情态助动词can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,need,must,dare,dared,oughtto,usedto半助动词:haveto,seemto,beaboutto,bedueto,begoingto,bemeantto,bemeantto,besupposedto等.一，基本助动词be1.be通常用来协助主动词构成进行体和被动态IamlisteningtoaBeethovensymphonyThestudentswerepraisedbytheprincipledo1.do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句Mywifedoesn’tknowRussianDoyouagreewithme?2.do用来加强语气，起强调作用Youdolookwell3.do用作代词---DoyoulikeBeijing?---Yes,Ido(do代替likeBeijing)4.构成否定祈使句时，只用do，而不用does和didDon’tbesoabsent-minded5.do用作实义动词，译为“做”Janewasdoingthedisheswhenhermothercamebackhave1.have通常用来协调主动词构成完成体或完成进行体JoanhasseenthatmovieIhavebeenworkingherefor20years2.have做实义动词，译为“有”I’msorryIcan’tplaywithyou,becauseIhavesomanythingstodo二，情态助动词14个：can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,oughtto,dare/dared,need,usedtoExamples:1.Itmaysnowbeforenightfall.2.Wouldyouletmeuseyourpenforaminute?3.Ifshebecameamoviestar,shecouldaffordanewhome.注意：情态动词过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间情态动词不能叠加使用，其后接的是动词原形三，半助动词半助动词是兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，常见的有haveto,seemto,beaboutto,bedueto,begoingto,bemeantto,besupposedto，bewillingto,belikelyto,beunableto等,既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组表示情态意义，从而像情态动词，又可与其他助动词搭配，像是主动词Examples:1.Ihavetobuyanewcar.2.Youwillhavetosellyourhouse.｛及物动词不及物动词连系动词2.按是否须跟有补足成分以及须跟什么样的补足成分分一，及物动词1.及物动词后须带宾语，有些可带双宾语,JohnisplayingcricketThenewlampgaveusmorelight2.有些及物动词在一定上下文中既要带宾语，也要带状语2.按是否须跟有补足成分以及须跟什么样的补足成分分一，及物动词1.及物动词后须带宾语，有些可带双宾语,JohnisplayingcricketThenewlampgaveusmorelight2.有些及物动词在一定上下文中既要带宾语，也要带状语Iputthebookontheshelf二，不及物动词1.不及物动词之后不带宾语，但有些不及物动词在一定上下文中须带状语，否则意义完全不同Example1.Thepresidentisspeaking2.Frankcheatsatpoker三，连系动词1.连系动词之后带主语补语Example1.Thatsoundlikeagoodidea2.Thefishsmellsawful补充：（1）状态系动词：be（2）持续系动词：keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand等（3）表象系动词：seem,appear,look等（4）感官系动词：fell,smell,sound,taste等（5）变化系动词：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run等（6）终止系动词：prove,turnout等注意：有一些动词具有跨类现象，既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词和联系动词，常见的有smell,become,prove,taste,stayExample1.Thefishisfreshfromwater.Youdon’thavetosmellit2.Themilkisgoingbad.Itsmells3.Thisdishsmellsdelicious｛表持续动作的词表改变或移动的词表短暂动作的词例：drink,eat,fly,play，rain,read,run,sit等例：arrive,become,change,come，get,go,leave例：hit,jump,kick,open,close，put,shut,knock等Examples:1.Heworksatachemicalfactory.2.Theyweretalkingaboutthehouse.3.Winterishere.Theleavesofthetreesareturningyellow.4.Theoldmanstopsatahouseandknocksatthedoor.表持续动作表持续动作表改变表短暂动作3，按词汇意义分：动态动词，静态动词一，动态动词二，静态动词1.用作主动词的be和have(作“有”解）：Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.2.含有静态动词be,have意义的动词，如applyto,belongto,differfrom,cost,weigh等。Thisruleappliesto(=isapplicableto)everyone.3.表示感觉的动词，如feel,hear,see,smell等Shedoesn'thearverywell.4.表示心理或情感状态的动词，如assume,believe,consider,detest等Weunderstoodyourdifficulty.注意:如果静态动词（stativeverb)用于进行体(progressiveaspect)，则变为动态动词（dynamicverb).Examples:1.Heisbeingfoolish.2.Thismistakeiscostingusdearly.3.Bequiet.I'mthinking.表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache,feel,hurt等，用于进行体或非进行体均可，含义不变。Examples:1.Myfootaches/isaching.2.Idon'tfeel/amnotfeelingverytired.=isactingfoolishly=isbringinggreatinjurytous=givingthoughttoaproblem动词分类（二）词组动词｛v+prep.动词+介词v+adv.动词+副词小品词v+adv+prep.动词+副词小品词+介词Examples:1.Hecouldn'taccountforhislongabsencefromschool.2.Theplaceblowupwhenitwashitbyamissile.3.Idon'twanttocomedownwiththefluagain.补充：副词小品词是形似介词的一类比较特殊的词，它兼有副词和介词的特征。它往往与前面的动词构成修饰和补充说明的语义关系，本身不能单独充当句子成分，它形似介词，又没有实体意义，不能独自带宾语，与动词构成只有一个论元的单位论述结构。常见的副词小品词有：up,down,in,out,on,off,over,away.一，单词词组和动词词组｛限定动词非限定动词限定形式非限定形式｛现在时过去时｛不定式现在分词过去分词二，限定动词和非限定动词三，规则动词和不规则动词大多数动词的过去时和过去分词都是在原形之后加词尾-ed构成，这类动词叫规则动词，其他则归为不规则动词不规则动词的几种类型：（1）ABC（即原形，过去时，过去分词）arisearosearisenbreakbrokebrokenringranrunstealstolestolenbeginbeganbegun（2）AAAcastcastcasthithithitputputputsetsetsetspreadspreadspread此外还有cut,fit,hurt,let,read,cost,shut等（3）ABBbendbentbentcreepcreptcreptdealdealtdealtfleefledfledmeanmeantmeantdig,catch,hang,hold,find,sit,pay,win,meet,feel等同此用法（4）补充：（4）AABbeatbeatbeaten（5）ABAbecomebecamebecomecomecamecomerunranrun•Verb'sgrammaticalforms:•Tense（时）:itistheverbformthatshowstimedistinction.•Aspect（体）:itistheverbformthatshowsmotionorprocessisinwhatstateinacertaintime.•Voice（态）:itistheverbformthatshowsactiveorpassiverelationshipbetweensubjectsandpredicateverbs.•Mood（式）:itistheverbformthatisusedtodistinguishspeakersinwhattoneofvoice.•Tense（时）：过去时现在时将来时•Aspect（体）：•ProgressiveAspect进行体•PerfectiveAspect完成体•Examples:•IspeakChinese,butnowIamspeakingEnglish.•2.IhavetaughtEnglishfor20years.•Voice(语态）：•ActiveVoice主动态•→ActiveSentence主动句｛•PassiveVoice被动态•→PassiveSentence被动句•被动态动词词组也可有不同的时、体形式(P120)•Moo（式）：•IndicativeMood陈述式•ImperativeMood祈使式•SubjunctiveMood虚拟式•Examples:•HegoestochurcheverySunday.•Takea10minutesbreaknow.•HowIwishIhadgonetherewithyou.虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。虚拟式仅有两个形式：1、be-型虚拟式（BE-Subjunctive);2、were-型虚拟式（WERE-Sub-junctive)。•TheSubjunctiveMoodⅠ、be-型虚拟式的主要用法：⒈用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中。例如：①.Heord