退休金政策的考虑

ChristineFANGChiefExecutive,HKCSS1February2007PensionPolicyConcerns退休金政策的考慮TwoMainFocus•SummaryofPresentationattheSeniorOfficialsMeeting–PensionReforms&PensionDesigninAgeingSocieties•LongitudinalStudyonAgeingforPolicyMaking–TheDanishLongitudinalFutureStudy(DLFS)–SurveyofHealth,Ageing&RetirementinEurope(SHARE)PensionReforminAgeingSocieties•Experience&Lessons•SocialPensions•Who’sgoingtopay•WorkingLongerExperience&Lessons•Pensionreformisanon-goingobjective-drivenprocess.•Administrativecapacityisapre-requisiteforasuccessfulreform.•Emphasisondiversificationoffundingapproachesormulti-pillarsystems.•Considertheharmonizationoffragmentedschemes.•FromDefinedBenefitsDefinedContributionreturnfirst,unfunded&earning-relatedpillar.Experience&Lessons•Failureofpensionsystemsresultedfrom–over-promising–manifestunfairness–lowcoverage–continuinghighratesofpovertyamongtheelderly–hindermarketmobility–conflictbetweengenerationsExperience&Lessons•Pensionreformobjectivesshouldinclude–Adequacy–Equity–Transparency–Affordability–sustainabilitySocialPensions•Non-contributivepensionstoreducepovertyofolderandvulnerablepeople•Challengesandopportunitiesofsocialpension–Impactonpoverty–Contributiontosocialprotection–UniversalvsMeans-testedpensionWho’sGoingtoPay•Inanypensionreform,thereare3criticalelements–Inlinewiththeincreasesoflifeexpectancy–Alongwiththelabourmarketreform–AchievebothfinancialandsocialsustainabilityWho’sGoingtoPay•Pensionreformsinvolvechangesinthesocialcontract–socialsolidarityandsharingofriskamonggovernment,employers,employeesanddifferentgenerationsofworkersandpensioners•Athreatofintergenerationalconflict•Pensionreformshouldnotproceedinisolationfromothersocialsecuritybenefits.Socialpolicyinvolveslabourmarkets,socialsecurityandwelfareWorkingLonger•Pensionreformisincreasinglyfocusingonextendingworkinglife.•Threeinter-dependentperspectivesforextendingworkinglife–Publicpolicy–Attitudes&expectation–EmployerpracticeSurveyofHealth,AgeingandRetirementInEurope(SHARE)2004•Alongitudinalsurveywithgenuinemulti-disciplinary&cross-nationaldesignIncomesecurityandpersonalwealthKinshipandsocialnetworks,livingarrangementsPhysicalandmentalhealth,disability,mortalitydynamiclongitudinalTheDanishLongitudinalFutureStudy(DLFS)•AuniqueresearchstudyInitiatedin1985,hasfollowedfourgenerationsofDanes,borninthe50’s,40’s,30’sand20’s.•Totalof1,380respondents.•Studycarriedoutinthreewaves:1987,1997,2002.•Timespanofthestudy(15years)andthere-interviewtherespondents,hasprovidedusinsightsonhowthesepeopleseetheirlives.SubjectsandIssuesCovered•Identityandhappiness•Fearsofageing•Workandretirement•Voluntaryworkandfamily•Loneliness•Housing•FinancesMainFindingsinDLFS1987,1997&2002Newgenerations,comparedtopreviousones,are:•Bettereducated•Betterofffinancially•Healthierandmoreactiveinretirement•MorefamiliarwithnewinformationtechnologyWhatDoesThisMean?Megatrends:•Beingretired/olderisbecominglessofatraumaformanypeople–stillmorepeopleanswer“AgedoesnotkeepmefromdoingwhatIwanttodo”and“Ilookforwardtobeingretired”•Lifeafter60isnotthatdifferenttolifebefore60•Newopportunitiestolive,learn,develop,experience,after60Identity:ThinkingofwhoIam…•Mostimportantforallgenerations:Myfamily!!(75-90%)•Educationnotthatimportant•Career/worknotveryimportant,butmoresofor40’s,50’sHappiness•Generalrankingofhappinessfactors,forallgenerations:1)Health2)Familylife3)Anoptimisticviewoflife4)Love•Money,workandsexnotthatimportant•Healthisincreasinglyimportantwithage!TheFearsofAgeing•Deterioratinghealth,becomingfragile•Becomingdependentonhelpfromothers•Lackofcare•Loneliness•Butnotethat20%answer:“Nofears”WorkandRetirement•2002comparedto1997:Morewant/plantoworklonger•Buthalfoftheyoungergenerationswantearlyretirement•Reasonsforactualretirement:-Health-Tofindtimeforotheractivities-Didnotwanttoworkanymore-Couldn’tcopewithjob-BeingfiredWorkandRetirement•In1987:24%of60-64didPE/sports•In2002:50%of75-79!!(samegeneration,15yearsolder)•Comparing2002to1987:-twiceasmanyareactiveinorganisations-moregotochurch-moreattendmeetings,seminars-moretakecourses,educatethemselvesVoluntaryWork•Theyoung-oldgenerations:40%dovoluntarywork•Theoldestgeneration:23%•Generalopinions:•“Doingvoluntaryworkisagoodwaytoengageoneselfinretirement”•“Voluntaryworkisavitalsupplementtothepublicsectorandpubliccare”•“Voluntaryworkdeservesmorecreditandhigherrecognition”Family•Mosthavegoodfamilyrelations•Alotofmutualhelpgoingoninsidefamilies•“Family”hasincreaseditsimportanceovertheyears•Thefamily,andthespouseverymuchso,isvitalinprovidingsecurity,comfort,care•79%say:“Iamcertainmychildrenorchildren-in-lawwillhelpme,ifIneedit”FamilyandtheWelfareState•Mostpreferthewelfarestate,ratherthanthefamilyandfriends,toprovidecareandhelp,ifneeded•FamilyandfriendsseenasasupplementLoneliness•Lonelinessismuchoverrated….-75-85%believethat“ManyolderpersonsinDenmarkfeellonely”•Butonly10%claimto“feellonelyfromtimetotime”themselves•Thereisnoevidencethatfeelingsoflonelinessgrowstrongerwithage•Hence,“Becomingoldandlonely”isamyth•Butamythbelievedinbyallgenerations,includingol