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非谓语动词及其分类1.谓语动词与非谓语动词:在句子中担任谓语的动词,叫做谓语动词;在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词,叫做非谓语动词。Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Iamreadinganovel.ShefoundEnglishhardtolearn.Seeingisbelieving.Theresultsobtainedarequitesatisfactory.Pleasestopspeaking.(谓语)(谓语)(状语)(主语和表语)(定语)(宾语)2.非谓语动词的分类不定式(infinitive)分词(participle)动名词(gerund)3.非谓语动词的特点1)不能单独做谓语,但可和助动词或情态动词组成谓语。Yououghttohavebeenhereyesterday.2)具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语或状语。ThePartycalledonustoservethepeople.3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。Thestudentsranoutoftheclassroom,laughingmerrily.Tobefrank,yourplanisnotpracticable.TheInfinitive不定式的构成(to)donot(to)do不定式的特点具有名词、形容词、副词的句法功能。有主动、被动语态、一般、进行或完成式一般形式进行式完成形式主动语态todotobedoingtohavedone被动语态tobedonetohavebeendone不定式的用法:(1)作主语不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。Toseeistobelieve.Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.Itmademeveryhappytohearhertalkaboutit.【注意一】不定式的逻辑主语:不定式不能单独做谓语,因此没有语法上的主语,但可以有意义上的逻辑主语。IpromisedTomtoplaywithhim.Iaskedhimtoplaywithme.(toplay的逻辑主语是I)(toplay的逻辑主语是him)【注意二】同一句型中不同介词的不同含义Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth(for引出动作发出者)(of引出adj修饰的对象)Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.注意:常用在of句型中的adj有:kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,foolish,cruel,careless,stupid,naughty(淘气的),polite,impolite,silly,wrong,brave,honest,noble,right,rude等=Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.=youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.(2)作宾语注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语。Iwanttoknowthismatter.Ihaven'tdecidedwhethertogoorstay.Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim.Subject+find/think/feel/makeit+adj/n+todosth.MyteachermadeitaruleonlytospeakEnglishinclass.能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有:like,demand,want,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,intend,prefer,promise,forget,decide,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,wish,start,afford,hate等(3)作宾语补足语Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.注意1:在feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch,have,1et,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。能用于此用法的动词有:ask,get,expect,wish,want,help,permit,beg,encourage,order,prefer,advise,like,callon,dependon,askfor,waitfor等Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong·注意2:不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(4)作定语。Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.注①:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.注②:当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其意义有所不同。•比较:A)Haveyouanythingtosend?B)Haveyouanythingtobesent?(5)作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件。Icameheretoseeyou.Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.Tolookathim,youwouldlikehim.(目的)(原因)(结果)(条件)你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的动作执行者是you)你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式tobesent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someoneelse)目的状语还可以用inorderto或soasto来表示。Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.Weranallthewaysoasnottobelate.不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。Iamverygladtohearit.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.“too+adj/adv+todo”也作状语。Heistoooldtodothat.另外句子中有enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语。Theroomisbigenoughtoholdus.(6)作表语Myjobistohelpthepatient(7)作独立成分Totellthetruth,Idon'tagreewithyou.(8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语表语、宾语等。Hedidn'tknowwhattosay.Myquestioniswhentostart.Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant(宾语)(表语)(主语)注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Whynothavearest?2.不定式的时态(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生。Isawhimgoout.Ourteachersalwaysencourageallofustoworkhard.(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式。TomandMartinpretendedtobedoingtheirhomeworkwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.WhenIgothome,mysonhappenedtobewatchingTV.(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,要用完成式。Sheissaidtohavereadthirtynovelsthisyear.I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.3.不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种:一般式和完成式。在句子中可以做主语、宾语、构成复合谓语、构成复合宾语、定语和状语。Itisanhonorformetobeinvitedtoyourparty.Aftergraduation,heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.ThisnovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoFrench.HewasthefirststudenttohavebeenpunishedbyTheteacher.1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?(Akeyunlocksthedoor.)2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)注意以下几点:3)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forone或forpeople.Heishardtotalkto.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.Thanksalot!
本文标题:非谓语动词不定式
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