英汉对比与翻译

翻译欢迎光临欢迎光临英对比与翻译汉English-ChineseContrastandTranslation左飚English-ChineseContrastandTranslationZuoBiaoPartOneNativeLanguageTransferinFLLearning:InterferenceorFacilitation?外语学习中的母语迁移：干扰还是促进？WhatIsLanguageTransfer?Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林TwoTypesofTransfer•NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。•PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)Causes:•analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用•scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少•unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯ExamplesofNegativeTransfer1.Thewriterlikeswritingatlight(night).Phonologicaltransfer(语音迁移)Thesound/n/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/servesasasubstitute.在有些中国方言（如南京方言）中没有/n/这个辅音，而用/l/来替代。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer2.Heonlyeattwomealaday.Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer3.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillionpopulation.Collocationtransfer(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,theChineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer4.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.Syntacticaltransfer(句型迁移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。TwoTypesofTransfer•NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。•PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英汉语对比研究DifferenceBetweenComparativeStudyandContrastiveStudyComparativeStudylaysemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthediachronicmethodofresearch.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。ContrastiveStudylaysemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthesynchronicmethodofresearch.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。Pleasetranslatethefollowing:人到齐就开会。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere.不要人云亦云。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.帐单撕碎了。Thebillwastorntopieces.问题解决了。Theproblemwassolved.Pleasetranslatethefollowing:你再说一个字，我马上走。Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.你死了，我去当和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk.不要人云亦云。帐单撕碎了。你再说一个字，我马上走。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.Thebillwastorntopieces.Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.问题解决了。你死了，我去当和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk.Theproblemwassolved.Tense（时态）Voice（语态）Mood（语气）人到齐就开会。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere.Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、认真地学习Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degreeChineseEnglish病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在阵地在。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我来他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition条件)(Contrast,Opposition对照、转折)(TimeOrder时间先后)(Concession让步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion树一棵树一棵大树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树……English:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言English:fixedpointofsight（视点固定）“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！Chinese:movingpointofsight（视点流动）我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”Pleasecompare:cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢试瞧怕逃Pleasecompare:•“Tomdidn’tgotoschooltoday,didhe?”askedthemother.•“No,hedidn’